Chitin and Chitosan: Functional Biopolymers from Marine Crustaceans
TL;DR: This review deals with the fundamental aspects of chitin and chitosan such as the preparation of chItosan, crystallography, extent of N-acetylation, and some properties, and recent progress of their chemistry is discussed.
Abstract: Chitin and chitosan, typical marine polysaccharides as well as abundant biomass resources, are attracting a great deal of attention because of their distinctive biological and physicochemical characteristics. To fully explore the high potential of these specialty biopolymers, basic and application researches are being made extensively. This review deals with the fundamental aspects of chitin and chitosan such as the preparation of chitin and chitosan, crystallography, extent of N-acetylation, and some properties. Recent progress of their chemistry is then discussed, focusing on elemental modification reactions including acylation, alkylation, Schiff base formation and reductive alkylation, carboxyalkylation, phthaloylation, silylation, tosylation, quaternary salt formation, and sulfation and thiolation.
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TL;DR: The chemical structure and relevant biological properties of chitosan for regenerative medicine have been summarized as well as the methods for the preparation of controlled drug release devices and their applications.
2,312 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review discusses the various attempts reported on solving this problem from the point of view of the chemistry and the structure of these polymers highlighting the drawbacks and advantages of each method and proposes that based on considerations of structure-property relations, it is possible to obtain chitin fibers with improved strength by making use of their nanostructures and/or mesophase properties of chitins.
2,278 citations
TL;DR: Some novel pre-hydrolysed coagulants such as Polyaluminium chloride (PACl), Polyal aluminium ferric chloride (PAFCl), Polyferrous sulphate (PFS) and Polyferic chloride (PFCl) have been found to be more effective and suggested for decolourisation of the textile wastewater.
1,501 citations
TL;DR: Three possible and accepted antimicrobial mechanisms for chitosan are presented and the activity dependence on polymeric molecular weight and degree of acetylation are described.
Abstract: Chitosan, a versatile hydrophilic polysaccharide derived from chitin, has a broad antimicrobial spectrum to which gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria and fungi are highly susceptible. In the current review, three possible and accepted antimicrobial mechanisms for chitosan are presented and briefly discussed. The activity dependence on polymeric molecular weight (MW) and degree of acetylation (DA) are described. The chitosan minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) are summarized according to recent data found in the literature. The potential to improve inhibitory growth of bacteria by using water soluble chitosan derivatives is also discussed. The data indicate that the effectiveness of chitosan varies and is dependent on species of target microorganisms.
1,048 citations
TL;DR: A functional characterization of chitin and chitosan regarding some biological properties and some specific applications (drug delivery, tissue engineering, functional food, food preservative, biocatalyst immobilization, wastewater treatment, molecular imprinting and metal nanocomposites) is presented.
Abstract: Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are natural polymers composed of randomly distributed � -(1-4)- linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). Chitin is insoluble in aqueous media while chitosan is soluble in acidic conditions due to the free protonable amino groups present in the D-glucosamine units. Due to their natural origin, both chitin and chitosan can not be defined as a unique chemical structure but as a fam- ily of polymers which present a high variability in their chemical and physical properties. This variability is related not only to the origin of the samples but also to their method of preparation. Chitin and chitosan are used in fields as different as food, biomedicine and agriculture, among others. The success of chitin and chitosan in each of these specific applica- tions is directly related to deep research into their physicochemical properties. In recent years, several reviews covering different aspects of the applications of chitin and chitosan have been published. However, these reviews have not taken into account the key role of the physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan in their possible applications. The aim of this review is to highlight the relationship between the physicochemical properties of the polymers and their behaviour. A functional characterization of chitin and chitosan regarding some biological properties and some specific applications (drug delivery, tissue engineering, functional food, food preservative, biocatalyst immobilization, wastewater treatment, molecular imprinting and metal nanocomposites) is presented. The molecular mechanism of the biological properties such as biocompatibility, mucoadhesion, permeation enhancing effect, anticholesterolemic, and antimicrobial has been up- dated.
1,015 citations
Cites background from "Chitin and Chitosan: Functional Bio..."
...chemistry Rinaudo and Kurita’s reviews are recommended [26,47]....
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References
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TL;DR: The current review of 129 references describes the biological activity of several chitosan derivatives and the modes of action that have been postulated in the literature.
2,615 citations
"Chitin and Chitosan: Functional Bio..." refers background in this paper
...Chitosan is a static or cidal agent of microbial growth, useful in medicine, agriculture, food, and household goods manufacturing (Allan and Hadwiger, 1979), and the applications and mode of action have been reviewed (Lim and Hudson, 2003; Rabea et al., 2003)....
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Book•
23 Jul 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a list of ingredients for the Body Biomimetic Materials Biosensors Blends Block Copolymers block Copolymer Micelles Comb-like Polymers Commercial Resins, Plastics, Elastomers Composites Compatibilizers Conducting Polymers Contact Lens Materials Controlled Release Dendrictic Polymers Dendrimers Dental Polymers Immobilized Enzymes Electrorheological Fluids Engineering Plastics Ferroelectric Polymers Ferromagnetic Polymers Fillers Flame-Resistant Material Fl
Abstract: Additives Biodegradable Polymers Biomaterials for the Body Biomimetic Materials Biosensors Blends Block Copolymers Block Copolymer Micelles Comb-like Polymers Commercial Resins, Plastics, Elastomers Composites Compatibilizers Conducting Polymers Contact Lens Materials Controlled Release Dendrictic Polymers Dendrimers Dental Polymers Immobilized Enzymes Electrorheological Fluids Engineering Plastics Ferroelectric Polymers Ferromagnetic Polymers Fillers Flame-Resistant Material Flocculants Fluorine-containing Polymers Functional Polymers Gas Barrier Polymers Gas Separation Membranes Gelling Agents Group Transfer Polymerization Cyclopolymerization Hair and Skin Care Polymers Hairy Rod-Like Polymers High Solids Coatings Host-Guest Chemistry Hydrophilic Polymers Hydrophilic Surfaces Hydrogels Hyper-Branched Polymers Immortal Polymerization Inclusion Polymerization Inorganic/Organic Hybrids Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Ionomers Ladder Polymers Liquid Crystalline Polymers Living Polymers (Radical, Cation, Anion, and Coordination) Macrocyclic Polymers Macromonomers Membranes Metallocene Catalysis Metal Complexation Polymers Microbial Polymers Microencapsulated particles Microspheres Molecular Assemblies Molecular Complexes Molecular Composites Molecular Recognition Monodisperse Particles Monodisperse Polymers Network Polymers New Catalysts Systems New Fabrics New Initiating Systems New Living Polymer Systems New Polymerization Methods New Resins Nonlinear Optical Materials Nonthrombogenic Polymers Nucleic Acid Analogs Olefin-Carbon Monoxide Copolymers Optically Active Polymers Organometallic Polymers Pervaporation Membranes Phase Transfer Catalysts Phosphorous-Containing Polymers Photochromic Polymers Photoinitiators New Polymer Systems Poly (Ether Ketone) Poly (Ether Sulfone) Polyelectrolytes Polyelectrolyte Complexes Polyesters Polyimides Polymers from Natural Resources Polysilanes Preceramic Polymers Recycling Ring-Opening Polymerization Smart Materials Star Polymers Supramolecular Assembly Surface Modification Polymeric Surfactants Suture Materials Thermoplastic Composites Thermoreversible Gels Water-Borne Coatings Ziegler-Natta Catalysts Zwitterionic Polymerization
1,609 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of basic and application studies in chitin chemistry is reviewed as well as some basic aspects of this specialty biomass resource, where a special emphasis is placed on the controlled modification reactions to prepare Chitin derivatives with well-defined structures and thereby to construct sophisticated molecular architecture having various advanced functions.
802 citations
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Chitin has been a landmark for polysaccharides and modified chitins, besides chitin itself, to the point that three International Conferences on Chitin / Chitosan were convened (Boston, U.S. A. 1977, Sapporo, Japan 1982 and Senigallia, Italy 1985).
Abstract: Exegi monumentum ael'e perennius. The monument I have built will last longer than bronze. Horace My previous book, "Chitin," (1977) was listed by the publisher, as a "key research book," among the most requested books by libraries. It received favorable comments from. each of the journals which reviewed it, Science, 198, 28 Oct. 1977, Physiological Entomology, 2(4), Dec. 1977, The Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, April 1978, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 53:361, 1978, Oceanographic Abstracts, 15:182, 1979, Annales de Zoologie-Ecologie Animale, 11:127, 1979, and Enzyme & Microbial Technology, 2, 1980. The variety of these journals testifies to the interdisci plinary character of chitin studies. "Chitin" has really been a landmark, to use the definition given by Science, because it stimulated interest in the less known polysaccharides and in modified chitins, besides chitin itself, to the point that three International Conferences on Chitin / Chitosan were convened (Boston, U. S. A. 1977, Sapporo, Japan 1982 and Senigallia, Italy 1985). In convening the 3rd International Conference on Chitin / Chitosan (1-4 April 1985), one of the main objectives was the preparation of the present book. While the proceedings of the previous two Conferences were very valuable, they did not appear in any book catalogs and this severely Ii mi ted their distribution."
667 citations