Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications

doi:10.1016/J.PROGPOLYMSCI.2006.06.001

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Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications

Journal Article•DOI•

Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications

Marguerite Rinaudo¹•Institutions (1)

Joseph Fourier University¹

01 Jul 2006-Progress in Polymer Science (PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE)-Vol. 31, Iss: 7, pp 603-632

TL;DR: Chitin is the second most important natural polymer in the world as mentioned in this paper, and the main sources of chitin are two marine crustaceans, shrimp and crabs, which are used for food, cosmetics, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

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About: This article is published in Progress in Polymer Science.The article was published on 2006-07-01. It has received 6365 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Chitin nanofibril.

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Journal Article•DOI•

An Overview of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Its Application in Non-Parenteral Drug Delivery

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Munawar A. Mohammed¹, Jaweria Syeda¹, Kishor M. Wasan¹, Ellen K. Wasan¹•Institutions (1)

University of Saskatchewan¹

20 Nov 2017-Pharmaceutics

TL;DR: Chitosan-based NP have various applications in non-parenteral drug delivery for the treatment of cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, pulmonary diseases, drug delivery to the brain and ocular infections which will be exemplified in this review.

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Abstract: The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the chitosan based nanoparticles for various non-parenteral applications and also to put a spotlight on current research including sustained release and mucoadhesive chitosan dosage forms. Chitosan is a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer regarded as safe for human dietary use and approved for wound dressing applications. Chitosan has been used as a carrier in polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery through various routes of administration. Chitosan has chemical functional groups that can be modified to achieve specific goals, making it a polymer with a tremendous range of potential applications. Nanoparticles (NP) prepared with chitosan and chitosan derivatives typically possess a positive surface charge and mucoadhesive properties such that can adhere to mucus membranes and release the drug payload in a sustained release manner. Chitosan-based NP have various applications in non-parenteral drug delivery for the treatment of cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, pulmonary diseases, drug delivery to the brain and ocular infections which will be exemplified in this review. Chitosan shows low toxicity both in vitro and some in vivo models. This review explores recent research on chitosan based NP for non-parenteral drug delivery, chitosan properties, modification, toxicity, pharmacokinetics and preclinical studies.

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771 citations

Cites background from "Chitin and chitosan: Properties and..."

...Some of the other mucoadhesive polymers apart from chitosan are alginate, guar gum, pectin, carrageenan K type II, gelatin, poly (vinyl pyrrolidone), poly (vinyl amine), poly (ethylene glycol) and poly (ethylene oxide) and its copolymers and poly (acrylic acid) and poly (methacrylic acid) derivatives [70]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): A review

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Imen Hamed¹, Fatih Özogul¹, Joe M. Regenstein²•Institutions (2)

Çukurova University¹, Cornell University²

01 Feb 2016-Trends in Food Science and Technology

TL;DR: In this paper, a review summarizes the current state of knowledge of these crustacean shellfish shellfish wastes and the various ways to use chitin, a polysaccharide that may be extracted after deproteinisation and demineralization of the exoskeletons.

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Abstract: Background Food processing produces large quantities of by-products. Disposal of waste can lead to environmental and human health problems, yet often they can be turned into high value, useful products. For example, crustacean shell wastes from shrimp, crab, lobster, and krill contain large amounts of chitin, a polysaccharide that may be extracted after deproteinisation and demineralization of the exoskeletons. Scope and approach This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of these crustacean shellfish wastes and the various ways to use chitin. This biopolymer and its derivatives, such as chitosan, have many biological activities (e.g., anti-cancer, antioxidant, and immune-enhancing) and can be used in various applications (e.g., medical, cosmetic, food, and textile). Key findings and conclusions Due to the huge waste produced each year by the shellfish processing industry and the absence of waste management which represent an environmental hazard, the extraction of chitin from crustaceans’ shells may be a solution to minimize the waste and to produce valuable compound which possess biological properties with application in many fields. As a food waste, it is important to also be aware of the non-food uses of these wastes.

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751 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Chitin and Chitosan in Selected Biomedical Applications

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A. Anitha¹, S. Sowmya¹, P.T. Sudheesh Kumar¹, S. Deepthi¹, Krishna Prasad Chennazhi¹, Hermann Ehrlich², Mikhail V. Tsurkan³, Rangasamy Jayakumar¹ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (3)

Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre¹, Dresden University of Technology², Leibniz Association³

01 Sep 2014-Progress in Polymer Science

TL;DR: An overview of the key features of CT and CS membranes and scaffolds such as their biodegradability, cytocompatibility and mechanical properties toward applications in tissue engineering and wound healing are provided.

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732 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment

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Chai Siah Lee¹, Chai Siah Lee², John P. Robinson¹, Mei Fong Chong²•Institutions (2)

University of Nottingham¹, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus²

01 Nov 2014-Process Safety and Environmental Protection

TL;DR: An overview of the development of different types of flocculants that were being investigated for treatment of industrial wastewater can be found in this paper, where the flocculation mechanism is discussed.

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723 citations

Additional excerpts

...At acidic pH (below ∼pH 5), chitosan becomes a soluble cationic polymer with high charge density (Rinaudo, 2006)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A Review: Electrospinning of Biopolymer Nanofibers and their Applications

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Jessica D. Schiffman¹, Caroline L. Schauer¹•Institutions (1)

Drexel University¹

02 May 2008-Polymer Reviews

TL;DR: An overview of applications of nanofibrous biopolymer mats created by the electrospinning process is discussed in this article, where an introduction to biopolymers and the electro spinning process are discussed.

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Abstract: Electrospinning is a fabrication technique, which can be used to create nanofibrous non‐wovens from a variety of starting materials. The structure, chemical and mechanical stability, functionality, and other properties of the mats can be modified to match end applications. In this review, an introduction to biopolymers and the electrospinning process, as well as an overview of applications of nanofibrous biopolymer mats created by the electrospinning process will be discussed. Biopolymers will include polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, chitosan, dextrose), proteins (collagen, gelatin, silk, etc.), DNA, as well as some biopolymer derivatives and composites.

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721 citations

Cites background from "Chitin and chitosan: Properties and..."

...Typically, commercial chitosan is approximately 85% deacetylated, which leads to a –NH2 functionality on the C-2 of the D-glucosamine repeat unit.(3,4) As a result of this process, chitosan is soluble in aq acidic solvents that chitin is not soluble in, such as AA, formic acid (FA), malic acid (MA), and others....
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...Biopolymers are renewable resources,(2) but also intrinsically exhibit antibacterial activity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility.(3) Therefore, they are ideal for use in a wide variety of industries such as ophthalmology, medicine, agriculture, textiles, paper coatings, and automotive....
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...Despite this, after protonation, chitosan changes into a polyelectrolyte in acidic solutions; thus becoming the only pseudonatural cationic polymer.(3) There are only a few reports on ionic polymers or polyelectrolytes that have successfully been electrospun....
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References

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Open Access

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Journal Article•DOI•

Complexation Thermodynamics of Cyclodextrins.

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Mikhail V. Rekharsky¹, Yoshihisa Inoue¹•Institutions (1)

Osaka University¹

14 Jul 1998-Chemical Reviews

2,804 citations

"Chitin and chitosan: Properties and..." refers background in this paper

...The cyclic oligosaccharides, namely a-,b-,g-cyclodextrins (CD), are important because of their ability to encapsulate hydrophobic molecules in their toroidal hydrophobic cavity, whose selectivity depends on the number of glucose units (respectively 6, 7, 8 D-glucose units) [222–224]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives.

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M. N. V. Ravi Kumar¹, R. A. A. Muzzarelli¹, C. Muzzarelli¹, H. Sashiwa¹, Abraham J. Domb¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology¹

08 Dec 2004-Chemical Reviews

TL;DR: Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. S. Nagar, Punjab-160 062, India, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University, Via Ranieri 67, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Natural Products,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.

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Abstract: Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar,Mohali, Punjab-160 062, India, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University, Via Ranieri 67, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy,Green Biotechnology Research Group, The Special Division for Human Life Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka-563-8577, Japan, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Natural Products,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, IsraelReceived March 2, 2004

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2,570 citations

"Chitin and chitosan: Properties and..." refers background in this paper

...The most important fields where the specificity of chitosan must be recognized are cosmetics (especially for hair care in relation to electrostatic interactions) (Table 12) and the pharmaceutical and biomedical applications on which we focus, which probably offer the greatest promise [230,231]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Application of chitin- and chitosan-based materials for enzyme immobilizations: a review

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Barbara Krajewska¹•Institutions (1)

Jagiellonian University¹

05 Aug 2004-Enzyme and Microbial Technology

TL;DR: A review of the literature on enzymes immobilized on chitin- and chitosan-based materials, covering the last decade, is presented in this paper, where one hundred fifty-eight papers on 63 immobilized enzymes for multiplicity of applications ranging from wine, sugar and fish industry, through organic compounds removal from wastewaters to sophisticated biosensors for both in situ measurements of environmental pollutants and metabolite control in artificial organs, are reviewed.

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1,317 citations

"Chitin and chitosan: Properties and..." refers background in this paper

...Chitin is widely used to immobilize enzymes and whole cells; enzyme immobilization has applications in the food industry, such as clarification of fruit juices and processing of milk when a- and b-amylases or invertase are grafted on chitin [81]....
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...On account of its biodegradability, nontoxicity, physiological inertness, antibacterial properties, hydrophilicity, gel-forming properties and affinity for proteins, chitin has found applications in many areas other than food such as in biosensors [81]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Novel injectable neutral solutions of chitosan form biodegradable gels in situ

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Abdellatif Chenite¹, C Chaput¹, Dadong Wang¹, C Combes¹, Michael D. Buschmann¹, Caroline D. Hoemann, Jean-Christophe Leroux², B.L Atkinson, F Binette, A Selmani¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (2)

École Polytechnique¹, Université de Montréal²

01 Nov 2000-Biomaterials

TL;DR: This study reports for the first time the use of polymer/polyol salt aqueous solutions as gelling systems, suggesting the discovery of a prototype for a new family of thermosetting gels highly compatible with biological compounds.

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1,287 citations

"Chitin and chitosan: Properties and..." refers methods in this paper

...Many chitosan hydrogels are obtained by treatment with multivalent anions: the case of glycerolphosphate is mentioned above [104], but oxalic acid has also been used [93b,184] as well as tripolyphosphate [185,186]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

An infrared investigation in relation with chitin and chitosan characterization

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J Brugnerotto¹, J. Lizardi, Francisco M. Goycoolea, Waldo Argüelles-Monal², Jacques Desbrieres¹, Marguerite Rinaudo¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

Joseph Fourier University¹, University of Havana²

01 Apr 2001-Polymer

TL;DR: The use of infrared spectroscopy for characterization of the composition of chitin and chitosan covering the entire range of degree of acetylation (DA) and a wide variety of raw materials is examined further in this article.

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1,219 citations