Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Full Steam Ahead or a Bump in the Road
Amit Khera,Daniel J. Rader +1 more
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TLDR
Recent published outcomes trials involving the addition of niacin or dalcetrapib to standard low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction therapy failed to demonstrate clinical benefit despite increases in HDL-C, reinforcing the idea that changes in LDL-C levels are an inadequate surrogate for therapeutic use.Abstract:
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels represent a robust and well-integrated biomarker of cardiovascular risk. The prevalence of low HDL-C is high and likely to increase in coming years in parallel with the epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the clinical efficacy of raising plasma HDL-C levels to achieve cardiovascular risk reduction has been difficult to prove. Recently published outcomes trials involving the addition of niacin or dalcetrapib to standard low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction therapy failed to demonstrate clinical benefit despite increases in HDL-C.1,2 Furthermore, genetic variants associated with increased HDL-C, thus conferring lifelong exposure to higher circulating levels, are not consistently associated with improved vascular outcomes.3 These findings have reinforced the idea that changes in HDL-C levels are an inadequate surrogate for therapeutic use.
See accompanying article on page 1696
The notion of HDL functionality has circulated in the field for years based on known heterogeneity in lipid content, protein cargo, and size across HDL particles.4 For example, assays that quantify apoptotic pathway activation, endothelial vasomotor effects, and antioxidant properties have suggested HDL functional impairment in cardiometabolic disease states.5–7
Although the relative mechanistic contributions of HDL-mediated atheroprotection remain unclear, the role of HDL in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport is thought to play a key role. This pathway involves efflux of cholesterol from macrophages (such as those within atherosclerotic plaque) to HDL acceptor particles for ultimate return to the liver and biliary excretion.8 Animal studies have suggested that flux through this pathway is a better predictor of the atherosclerotic impact of various genetic and pharmacological perturbations than static, mass-based quantification of circulating HDL-C.9
Rothblat et al10 pioneered methodologies allowing assessment of the cholesterol efflux capacity of human serum or HDL, the basic premise of which is that …read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
HDL Cholesterol Efflux Capacity and Incident Cardiovascular Events
Anand Rohatgi,Amit Khera,Jarett D. Berry,Edward G. Givens,Colby Ayers,Kyle E. Wedin,Ian J. Neeland,Ivan S. Yuhanna,Daniel R. Rader,James A. de Lemos,Philip W. Shaul +10 more
TL;DR: Cholesterol efflux capacity, a new biomarker that characterizes a key step in reverse cholesterol transport, was inversely associated with the incidence of cardiovascular events in a population-based cohort.
Journal ArticleDOI
Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel
Jan Borén,M. John Chapman,M. John Chapman,Ronald M. Krauss,Chris J. Packard,Jacob F. Bentzon,Jacob F. Bentzon,Christoph J. Binder,Mat J.A.P. Daemen,Linda L. Demer,Robert A. Hegele,Stephen J. Nicholls,Børge G. Nordestgaard,Gerald F. Watts,Gerald F. Watts,Eric Bruckert,Sergio Fazio,Brian A. Ference,Brian A. Ference,Ian D. Graham,Jay D. Horton,Ulf Landmesser,Ulrich Laufs,Luis Masana,Gerard Pasterkamp,Frederick J. Raal,Kausik K. Ray,Heribert Schunkert,Marja-Riitta Taskinen,Bart van de Sluis,Olov Wiklund,Lale Tokgozoglu,Alberico L. Catapano,Henry N. Ginsberg +33 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to solve the problem of the problem: this paper ] of "uniformity" of the distribution of data points in the data set.
Book ChapterDOI
Cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport.
Elda Favari,Angelika Chroni,Uwe J. F. Tietge,Ilaria Zanotti,Joan Carles Escolà-Gil,Franco Bernini +5 more
TL;DR: Assessment of HDL function, evaluated as the capacity to promote cell cholesterol efflux may offer a better prediction of CVD than HDL levels alone, as it has been recently demonstrated that the evaluation of serumolesterol efflux capacity (CEC) is a predictor of atherosclerosis extent in humans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Targeting Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products.
Dongdong Wang,Yang Yang,Yingnan Lei,Nikolay T. Tzvetkov,Xingde Liu,Andy Wai Kan Yeung,Suowen Xu,Atanas G. Atanasov +7 more
TL;DR: This review summarizes recent findings on the balanced effects of three major interrelated biologic processes, including lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux on foam cell formation and the development of foam cell-targeted therapeutic strategies.
Journal ArticleDOI
HDL functionality in reverse cholesterol transport--Challenges in translating data emerging from mouse models to human disease.
TL;DR: A detailed comparison and critical analysis of the various steps of reverse cholesterol transport in mouse and man is provided and it is attempted to translate this in vivo complex scenario into practical concepts, which could serve as valuable tools when developing novel HDL-targeted therapies.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Niacin in Patients with Low HDL Cholesterol Levels Receiving Intensive Statin Therapy
TL;DR: Among patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and LDL cholesterol levels of less than 70 mg per deciliter, there was no incremental clinical benefit from the addition of niacin to statin therapy during a 36-month follow-up period, despite significant improvements in HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Journal ArticleDOI
Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: A mendelian randomisation study
Benjamin F. Voight,Benjamin F. Voight,Benjamin F. Voight,Gina M. Peloso,Gina M. Peloso,Marju Orho-Melander,Ruth Frikke-Schmidt,Maja Barbalić,Majken K. Jensen,George Hindy,Hilma Holm,Eric L. Ding,Toby Johnson,Heribert Schunkert,Nilesh J. Samani,Nilesh J. Samani,Robert Clarke,Jemma C. Hopewell,John F. Thompson,Mingyao Li,Gudmar Thorleifsson,Christopher Newton-Cheh,Kiran Musunuru,Kiran Musunuru,James P. Pirruccello,James P. Pirruccello,Danish Saleheen,Li Chen,Alexandre F.R. Stewart,Arne Schillert,Unnur Thorsteinsdottir,Unnur Thorsteinsdottir,Gudmundur Thorgeirsson,Sonia S. Anand,James C. Engert,Thomas M. Morgan,John A. Spertus,Monika Stoll,Klaus Berger,Nicola Martinelli,Domenico Girelli,Pascal P. McKeown,Christopher Patterson,Stephen E. Epstein,Joseph M. Devaney,Mary Susan Burnett,Vincent Mooser,Samuli Ripatti,Ida Surakka,Markku S. Nieminen,Juha Sinisalo,Marja-Liisa Lokki,Markus Perola,Aki S. Havulinna,Ulf de Faire,Bruna Gigante,Erik Ingelsson,Tanja Zeller,Philipp S. Wild,Paul I.W. de Bakker,Olaf H. Klungel,Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee,Bas J M Peters,Anthonius de Boer,Diederick E. Grobbee,Pieter Willem Kamphuisen,Vera H.M. Deneer,Clara C. Elbers,N. Charlotte Onland-Moret,Marten H. Hofker,Cisca Wijmenga,W. M. Monique Verschuren,Jolanda M. A. Boer,Yvonne T. van der Schouw,Asif Rasheed,Philippe M. Frossard,Serkalem Demissie,Serkalem Demissie,Cristen J. Willer,Ron Do,Jose M. Ordovas,Jose M. Ordovas,Gonçalo R. Abecasis,Michael Boehnke,Karen L. Mohlke,Mark J. Daly,Mark J. Daly,Candace Guiducci,Noël P. Burtt,Aarti Surti,Elena Gonzalez,Shaun Purcell,Shaun Purcell,Stacey Gabriel,Jaume Marrugat,John F. Peden,Jeanette Erdmann,Patrick Diemert,Christina Willenborg,Inke R. König,Marcus Fischer,Christian Hengstenberg,Andreas Ziegler,Ian Buysschaert,Diether Lambrechts,Frans Van de Werf,Keith A.A. Fox,Nour Eddine El Mokhtari,Diana Rubin,Jürgen Schrezenmeir,Stefan Schreiber,Arne Schäfer,John Danesh,Stefan Blankenberg,Robert Roberts,Ruth McPherson,Hugh Watkins,Alistair S. Hall,Kim Overvad,Eric B. Rimm,Eric Boerwinkle,Anne Tybjærg-Hansen,L. Adrienne Cupples,L. Adrienne Cupples,Muredach P. Reilly,Olle Melander,Pier Mannuccio Mannucci,Diego Ardissino,David S. Siscovick,Roberto Elosua,Kari Stefansson,Kari Stefansson,Christopher J. O'Donnell,Christopher J. O'Donnell,Veikko Salomaa,Daniel J. Rader,Leena Peltonen,Leena Peltonen,Stephen M. Schwartz,David Altshuler,Sekar Kathiresan +140 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a Mendelian randomisation analysis was performed to compare the effect of HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and genetic score on risk of myocardial infarction.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of Dalcetrapib in Patients with a Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome
Gregory G. Schwartz,Anders G. Olsson,Markus Abt,Christie M. Ballantyne,Philip J. Barter,Jochen Brumm,Bernard R. Chaitman,I. Holme,David Kallend,Lawrence A. Leiter,Eran Leitersdorf,John J.V. McMurray,Hardi Mundl,Stephen J. Nicholls,Prediman K. Shah,Jean-Claude Tardif,R. Scott Wright,R. Scott Wright +17 more
TL;DR: In patients who had had a recent acute coronary syndrome, dalcetrapib increased HDL cholesterol levels but did not reduce the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cholesterol efflux capacity, high-density lipoprotein function, and atherosclerosis
Amit Khera,Marina Cuchel,Margarita de la Llera-Moya,Amrith Rodrigues,Megan F. Burke,Kashif Jafri,Benjamin French,Julie A. Phillips,Megan L. Mucksavage,Robert L. Wilensky,Emile R. Mohler,George H. Rothblat,Daniel J. Rader +12 more
TL;DR: Cholesterol efflux capacity from macrophages, a metric of HDL function, has a strong inverse association with both carotid intima-media thickness and the likelihood of angiographic coronary artery disease, independently of the HDL cholesterol level.
Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study
Benjamin F. Voight,Gina M. Peloso,Marju Orho-Melander,Ruth Frikke-Schmidt,Maja Barbalić,Majken K. Jensen,George Hindy,Hilma Holm,Eric L. Ding,Toby Johnson,Heribert Schunkert,Nilesh J. Samani,Robert Clarke,Jemma C. Hopewell,John F. Thompson,Mingyao Li,Gudmar Thorleifsson,Christopher Newton-Cheh,Kiran Musunuru,James P. Pirruccello,Danish Saleheen,Li Chen,Alexandre F.R. Stewart,Arne Schillert,Unnur Thorsteinsdottir,Gudmundur Thorgeirsson,Sonia S. Anand,James C. Engert,Thomas M. Morgan,John A. Spertus,Monika Stoll,Klaus Berger,Nicola Martinelli,Domenico Girelli,Pascal P. McKeown,Christopher Patterson,Stephen E. Epstein,Joseph M. Devaney,Mary-Susan Burnett,Vincent Mooser,Samuli Ripatti,Ida Surakka,Markku S. Nieminen,Juha Sinisalo,Marja-Liisa Lokki,Markus Perola,Aki S. Havulinna,Ulf de Faire,Bruna Gigante,Erik Ingelsson,Tanja Zeller,Philipp S. Wild,Paul I.W. de Bakker,Olaf H. Klungel,Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee,Bas J M Peters,Anthonius de Boer,Diederick E. Grobbee,Pieter Willem Kamphuisen,Vera H.M. Deneer,Clara C. Elbers,N. Charlotte Onland-Moret,Marten H. Hofker,Cisca Wijmenga,W. M. Monique Verschuren,Jolanda M. A. Boer,Yvonne T. van der Schouw,Asif Rasheed,Philippe M. Frossard,Serkalem Demissie,Cristen J. Willer,Ron Do,Jose M. Ordovas,Gonçalo R. Abecasis,Michael Boehnke,Karen L. Mohlke,Mark J. Daly,Candace Guiducci,Noël P. Burtt,Aarti Surti,Elena Gonzalez,Shaun Purcell,Stacey Gabriel,Jaume Marrugat,John F. Peden,Jeanette Erdmann,Patrick Diemert,Christina Willenborg,Inke R. Koenig,Marcus Fischer,Christian Hengstenberg,Andreas Ziegler,Ian Buysschaert,Diether Lambrechts,Frans Van de Werf,Keith A.A. Fox,Nour Eddine El Mokhtari,Diana Rubin,Juergen Schrezenmeir,Stefan Schreiber,Arne S. Schaefer,John Danesh,Stefan Blankenberg,Robert Roberts,Ruth McPherson,Hugh Watkins,Alistair S. Hall,Kim Overvad,Eric B. Rimm,Eric Boerwinkle,Anne Tybjærg-Hansen,L. Adrienne Cupples,Muredach P. Reilly,Olle Melander,Pier Mannuccio Mannucci,Diego Ardissino,David S. Siscovick,Roberto Elosua,Kari Stefansson,Christopher J. O'Donnell,Veikko Salomaa,Daniel J. Rader,Leena Peltonen,Stephen M. Schwartz,David Altshuler,Sekar Kathiresan +125 more
TL;DR: Mendelian randomisation analyses challenge the concept that raising of plasma HDL cholesterol will uniformly translate into reductions in risk of myocardial infarction.