Chromosome banding in evolutionary plant cytogenetics
01 Feb 1983-Vol. 92, Iss: 1, pp 51-79
TL;DR: The introduction of chromosome banding techniques for linear differentiation of chromosomes have allowed the identification of the heterochromatic segments on the chromosomes, which have been utilized for inter- and intra-species comparisons and the probable phylogenetic relationships in various plant taxa from Gymnosperms, Angiosperms have been suggested.
Abstract: The introduction of chromosome banding techniques for linear differentiation of chromosomes have allowed the identification of the heterochromatic segments on the chromosomes. These heterochromatic segments are primarily composed of repetitive DNA, which are discernible in the form of dark staining regions by Giemsa C band staining or exhibit enhanced or reduced fluorescent bands by Q banding techniques depending upon the particular type of DNA repetition. The analyses of banding patterns have allowed in plants, the identification of chromosomes or parts of chromosomes, which have been utilized for inter- and intra-species comparisons. Based on the information of banding patterns, amount and distribution of heterochromatic segments, coupled with karyotypic features and morphological similarities; the probable phylogenetic relationships in various plant taxa from Gymnosperms, Angiosperms (both dicots and monocots) have been suggested. The information on heterochromatin recognition have also been utilized in suggesting probable ancestry of polyploids and the trend of evolution in varietal differentiation and speciation. Analysing the data, a probable phylogenetic significance and the direction of change in heterochromatin evolution in plants is suggested.
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01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: In this paper, Dispersed repetitive DNA sequences from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) nuclear DNA have been isolated as molecular hybrids in lambdagt and showed marked alterations in the size of the restriction fragments containing these repetitive DNAs.
Abstract: Dispersed repetitive DNA sequences from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) nuclear DNA have been isolated as molecular hybrids in lambdagt. Related S. cerevisiae strains show marked alterations in the size of the restriction fragments containing these repetitive DNAs. "Ty1" is one such family of repeated sequences in yeast and consists of a 5.6 kilobase (kb) sequence including a noninverted 0.25 kb sequence of another repetitious family, "delta", on each end. There are about 35 copies of Ty1 and at least 100 copies of delta (not always associated with Ty1) in the haploid genome. A few Ty1 elements are tandem and/or circular, but most are disperse and show (along with delta) some sequence divergence between repeat units. Sequence alterations involving Ty1 elements have been found during the continual propagation of a single yeast clone over the course of a month. One region with a large number of delta sequences (SUP4) also shows a high frequency of sequence alterations when different strains are compared. One of the differences between two such strains involves the presence or absence of a Ty1 element. The novel joint is at one inverted pair of delta sequences.
385 citations
TL;DR: There seemed to be a trend for reduction in C-heterochromatin content in the course of evolution in Cicer, and C-banding patterns allowed for chromosome identification and matching pairs of homologues in all species analyzed.
Abstract: Somatic karyotypes of the nine annual species of Cicer (2n = 16) were analyzed using C-banding. Highly significant differences in haploid genome length and C-band positive heterochromatin content were observed. The haploid genome length ranged from 20.0 μm in the wild species C. judaicum to 28.7 μm in the cultivated species C. arietinum, and significant differences for this character were observed between accessions within several species. Based on their heterochromatin content, the species were divided into two groups: low heterochromatin content (average of 41.7%), which included C. arietinum, C. chorassanicum, C. echinospermum, C. judaicum, C. pinnatifidum, C. reticulatum, and C. yamashitae, and high heterochromatin content (average of 59.5%), which included C. bijugum and C. cuneatum. Within-group variation for heterochromatin content was insignificant, while differences between groups were highly significant. There seemed to be a trend for reduction in C-heterochromatin content in the course of evolution in Cicer. In all species studied, C-bands were located proximally around the centromere with occasional bands in intercalary and distal positions. C-banding patterns allowed for chromosome identification and matching pairs of homologues in all species analyzed.
39 citations
TL;DR: The significance of the 4C value (where C is the amount of DNA in the unreplicated haploid genome) in angiosperm plants is discussed and some rules governing the distribution of DNA amount among different plant taxa are postulated.
Abstract: The significance of the 4C value (where C is the amount of DNA in the unreplicated haploid genome) in angiosperm plants is discussed. The DNA amount is a stable feature used in biosystematics. Although this parameter varies even in closely related taxa, there is no correlation between the DNA amount and the structural and functional organization of plants. The role of DNA amount, including "excess" DNA, in plant evolution is considered. Some rules governing the distribution of DNA amount among different plant taxa are postulated, together with the possibility of using the data in systematics, phylogeny, and solutions of problems of genetic apparatus organization and evolution. The decrease in DNA value per genome during plant evolution and the high level of species formation in taxa with large DNA values have been shown. Plant taxa with a small DNA value per genome have a high percentage and higher degree of polyploidy. The nature of the differential staining of euchromatin and heterochromatin bands of prophase and metaphase chromosomes is also discussed. Data that could explain the mechanism of heterochromatin visualization under cold pretreatment of cells are reviewed. Phenomena involved in the arrangement of chromocenters in interphase nuclei and chromosomes in metaphase during consecutive cell generations are discussed.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed account of experimental parameters useful in chromosome identification and evaluation of karyotype asymmetry is furnished citing suitable examples, and special emphasis is given to the quantitative parameter of "chromosome dispersion index" that promises phylogenetic differentiation of closely related karyotypes.
Abstract: Karyotype characterizing the phenotypic aspects of the chromosome complement represents structural and functional organization of the nuclear genome. Its constancy ensures transfer of the same genetic material to the next generation, while variation enables ecological differentiation and adaptation. Superimposition of karyotype information onto a phylogenetic framework has immense utility in elucidating direction of evolutionary change and delineation of taxonomic hierarchy. This article attempts to provide an illustrated description of the chromosomal features that are useful in discerning differences and affinities between species and taxa. A detailed account of experimental parameters useful in chromosome identification and evaluation of karyotype asymmetry is furnished citing suitable examples. In addition to various karyotypic indices, special emphasis is given to the quantitative parameter of “chromosome dispersion index (DI)” that promises phylogenetic differentiation of closely related karyotypes, since most genera of herbaceous angiosperms display interspecific differences in chromosome size and symmetry, if not number. Karyo-evolutionary trends involve both change in chromosome number, morphology/karyotype symmetry, ploidy and total haploid length. The pattern of DNA addition/deletion across the chromosome complement has been found to be variable. Such change in DNA is either equally shared by all the chromosomes or is proportionately shared commensurate to chromosome size, leading to differential pace of change in karyotype asymmetry across the taxa. The large data accumulating on chromosome number over the years offer opportunities to utilize them as additional tools in taxonomy. The basic chromosome number (ancestral haploid number) in angiosperms has been suggested as n = 7, and an ancestral 1C of 1.73 pg, which is characteristic of the major groups with slight deviation in certain orders. The average ‘holoploid genome size’ i.e. 1C, for the Angiosperms is inferred to be 5870 Mb/6.0 pg. However, the 1C-value data available for ca.10800 species of Angiosperms reveal genome size diversity ranging from 61 Mb/0.0648 pg in the carnivorous plant Genlisea tuberosa (Lentibulariaceae) to 1,49,000 Mb/152.23 pg in Paris japonica (Melanthiaceae) suggesting over 2400 fold variation across the angiosperms; and 230 fold variation within the family (0.66 pg in Schoenocaulon texanum vs. P. japonica with highest C value). Metaphase chromosome size is estimated to range from the shortest ~ 0.3 µm in Genlisea aurea, and at family level from ~ 0.8 µm in Chamaelirium luteum to ~ 30 µm in Paris japonica. Chromosome number ranges from n = 2 to 320 across the angiosperms, at family level from n = 4 to 120 in the Brassicaceae, and at genus level from n = 2 to 45 in Brachyscome (Compositae).The evolution has mostly been at the diploid level. It is generally believed that the chromosome size of monocots is larger than dicots and the chromosome size of temperate plants is larger than tropical plants. For a broader sense and larger scale understanding, the evolutional conception of karyotype is principally based on the thoughts that: (i) symmetrical karyotype is more primitive than asymmetrical ones, (ii) longer chromosomes are primitive than shorter ones, (iii) median centromeres with chromosome arms of equal length are more primitive than chromosome arms of unequal length, (iv) low basic numbers had given rise to higher ones, and the taxa with variable chromosome number are considered young and still in evolutionary flux, (v) species with one NOR site per haploid genome are considered advanced than multiple NOR sites, (vi) ancient species had less heterochromatin (repetitive DNA), the primitive species accredited heterochromatin, followed by gradual shedding of excess heterochromatin with evolutionary specialization. However, discovery of ancient episodes of Whole Genome Duplication (WGD) events said to have happened as an escape to the 5th mass extinction at the end of Cretaceous as a survival strategy has opened newer possibilities. A new thinking is beginning to emerge that concomitant with the climate change happening at a fast pace in the Anthropocene, it is likely that if global climate undergoes major change in coming centuries then auto-polyploidization could be the important player leading to increase in chromosome number.
18 citations
TL;DR: Interphase nuclear organization was studied in six species of Cicer and all the species showed chromocentric nuclear organization in both meristematic and differentiated cells instead of reticulate organization, which can be considered as primitive of the six Cicer species.
Abstract: Interphase nuclear organization was studied in six species of Cicer and all the species showed chromocentric nuclear organization in both meristematic and differentiated cells instead of reticulate organization. The number of chromocentres and treatment duration with acid or alkali were found to be species specific character. Percentage heterochromatin values determined by two different techniques were somewhat high in meristematic cells than those in differentiated cells. On the basis of heterochromatin values both in meristematic and differentiated cells C. reticulaturn can be considered as primitive of the six Cicer species. Nuclear organization was found to be governed by small size of chromosomes and low DNA content, but the relationship between heterochromatin values and DNA content was not clear.
8 citations
References
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135 citations
TL;DR: The Giemsa techniques proved to be more sensitive than Quinacrine fluorescence in revealing a longitudinal differentiation of the chromosomes of Crepis capillaris, where plants with and without B-chromosomes were examined.
Abstract: Simple Giemsa staining techniques for revealing banding patterns in somatic chromosomes of plants are described. The value of the methods in the recognition of heterochromatin was demonstrated using five monocotyledonous and two dicotyledonous species. In Trillium grandiflorum the stronger Giemsa stained chromosome segments were shown to be identical with the heterochromatic regions (H-segments) revealed by cold treatment. Preferential staining of H-segments was also observed in chromosomes from three species of Fritillaria and in Scilla sibirica. Under suitable conditions the chromosomes of Vicia faba displayed a characteristic banding pattern and the bands were identified as heterochromatin. The Giemsa techniques proved to be more sensitive than Quinacrine fluorescence in revealing a longitudinal differentiation of the chromosomes of Crepis capillaris, where plants with and without B-chromosomes were examined. Again all chromosome types had their characteristic bands but there was no difference in Giemsa staining properties between the B-chromosomes and those of the standard complement.
130 citations
TL;DR: This work has shown that there are several types of heterochromatin in plants, as defined by allocyclic behaviour and these can be distinguished by their negative or positive sensitivity to cold and by their response to quinacrine staining.
Abstract: THE application of fluorescent dyes such as quinacrine and its mustard to cytological studies1 has advanced the understanding of the linear differentiation of the chromosomes of various organisms. Vosa2,3 has shown that there are several types of heterochromatin in plants, as defined by allocyclic behaviour and these can be distinguished by their negative or positive sensitivity to cold and by their response to quinacrine staining. Recent advances in cytological techniques pioneered by Arrighi and Hsu4 and Pardue and Gall5 have further expanded knowledge of chromosome structure in man and other animals.
129 citations
TL;DR: Some types of acridine derivative and especially Quinacrine dihydrochloride and its mustard may be successfully used as chromosome marker and to investigate the chemical differentiation of euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Abstract: Some types of acridine derivative and especially Quinacrine dihydrochloride and its mustard may be successfully used as chromosome marker and to investigate the chemical differentiation of euchromatin and heterochromatin. — There are at least four main types of heterochromatin, showing all possible combinations of positive and negative cold effect “starvation” (St. + or St. -) and enhanced or reduced fluorescence (Fl. + or Fl. -). —The relationship between the four different classes of heterochromatin is not yet clear.
120 citations
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Organization of the Nuclear Genome.- Contrasting Patterns of DNA Sequence Organisation in Plants.- On the Evolution and Functional Significance of DNA sequence Organisation in Vascular Plants.
Abstract: Organization of the Nuclear Genome.- Contrasting Patterns of DNA Sequence Organisation in Plants.- On the Evolution and Functional Significance of DNA Sequence Organisation in Vascular Plants.- Plant DNA: Long, Pure and Simple.- The Evolution of Plant Genome Structure.- Cloning and Analysis of Plant DNA.- Chromosome and Gene Structure in Plants: A Picture Deduced from Analysis of Molecular Clones of Plant DNA.- A Model for a Molecular Cloning System in Higher Plants: Isolation of Plant Viral Promotors.- Transcription of the Nuclear Genome.- Purification, Structures and Functions of the Nuclear RNA Polymerases from Higher Plants.- RNA Polymerases and Transcription During Developmental Transitions in Soybean.- Nuclear Genome Expression.- Analysis and Resolution of mRNA Populations.- Structural Gene Expression in Tobacco.- The Regulation of Nuclear Genome Expression.- Messenger RNA Domains in the Embryogenesis and Germination of Cotton Cotyledons.- Hormonal and Genetic Regulation of ?-Amylase Synthesis in Barley Aleurone Cells.- Auxin-Regulated Cell Enlargement: Is there Action at the Level of Gene Expression?.- The Effects of Auxin on the Polyadenylated RNA of Soybean Hypocotyls.- The Role of Light in the Induction of mRNAs for Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase and Related Enzymes in Plant Cell Cultures.- Functional Characterization of some Ribosomal Proteins from Wheat Germ.- Macromolecular Properties, Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation of Cereal Storage Proteins.- Maize Storage Proteins: Characterization and Biosynthesis.- Recent Evidence Concerning the Genetic Regulation of Zein Synthesis.- The Cloning of Zein Sequences and an Approach to Zein Genetics.- The Synthesis of Barley Storage Proteins.- Macromolecular Properties, Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation of Legume Seed Storage Proteins.- Biosynthesis of Pea Seed Proteins: Evidence for Precursor Forms from in vivo and in vitro Studies.- Bean Seed Globulin mRNA: Translation, Characterization, and its Use as a Probe Towards Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants.- The mRNAs that Code for Soybean Seed Proteins.- Developmental Regulation of Seed Protein Synthesis in Seeds.- Organization and Expression of the Chloroplast Genome.- Organisation and Transcription of Maize Chloroplast Genes.- The Organisation in Higher Plants of the Genes Coding for Chloroplast Ribosomal RNA.- Transfer RNAs and Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in Plant Organelles.- Synthesis, Transport and Assembly Of Chloroplast Proteins.- Synthesis, Transport and Assembly of Chloroplast Proteins.- In vitro Synthesis, Transport, and Assembly of the Constituent Polypeptides of the Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Protein Complex.- Synthesis, Processing and Functional Probing of P-32000, The Major Membrane Protein Translated Within the Chloroplast.- The Characterisation of Leaf Messenger RNAs and Their Use in the Synthesis of Complementary DNAs.- Sites of Synthesis and Codification of Chloroplast Elongation Factors.- Nuclear Genes Controlling Chloroplast Development.- Mitochondrial Genome Organization and Expression in Higher Plants.- Physico-Chemical and Restriction Endonuclease Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA from Higher Plants.- Mitochondrial Genome Expression in Higher Plants.- The Molecular Biology of Nitrogen Fixation.- Genetics of Nitrogen Fixation In The Bacterium Klebsiella Pneumoniae.- Expression of Host Genes During Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation.- The Ti-Plasmid of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens.- The Ti-Plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens its role in Crown-Gall Formation.- Location and Fate of pTi T37 DNA in Reversion of Crown Gall Teratoma.- Crown Gall Transcription of Ti Plasmid - Derived Sequences.- Crown Gall Specific Gene Products: Octopine and Nopaline Synthase.- Viral Genome Organization and Expression.- Structure of Plant Viral Genomes.- Translation of Plant Virus RNAs.- Expression of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus Genome in Turnips (Brassica rapa).- Controlling Elements in Maize: Viroids.- A Re-examination of McClintock's "Controlling elements" in Maize in View of Recent Advances in Molecular Biology.- Structure and Function of Viroids.
120 citations