Chromosome banding patterns in the annual species of Cicer.
TL;DR: There seemed to be a trend for reduction in C-heterochromatin content in the course of evolution in Cicer, and C-banding patterns allowed for chromosome identification and matching pairs of homologues in all species analyzed.
Abstract: Somatic karyotypes of the nine annual species of Cicer (2n = 16) were analyzed using C-banding. Highly significant differences in haploid genome length and C-band positive heterochromatin content were observed. The haploid genome length ranged from 20.0 μm in the wild species C. judaicum to 28.7 μm in the cultivated species C. arietinum, and significant differences for this character were observed between accessions within several species. Based on their heterochromatin content, the species were divided into two groups: low heterochromatin content (average of 41.7%), which included C. arietinum, C. chorassanicum, C. echinospermum, C. judaicum, C. pinnatifidum, C. reticulatum, and C. yamashitae, and high heterochromatin content (average of 59.5%), which included C. bijugum and C. cuneatum. Within-group variation for heterochromatin content was insignificant, while differences between groups were highly significant. There seemed to be a trend for reduction in C-heterochromatin content in the course of evolution in Cicer. In all species studied, C-bands were located proximally around the centromere with occasional bands in intercalary and distal positions. C-banding patterns allowed for chromosome identification and matching pairs of homologues in all species analyzed.
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TL;DR: The estimation of synonymous substitution rates of orthologous transcript pairs suggested that the speciation event for divergence of C. arietinum and C.reticulatum may have happened approximately 0.53 million years ago, providing a rich resource for exploiting genetic variations in chickpea for breeding programmes.
Abstract: The transcriptome of cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an important crop legume, has recently been sequenced. Here, we report sequencing of the transcriptome of wild chickpea, C. reticulatum (PI489777), the progenitor of cultivated chickpea, by GS-FLX 454 technology. The optimized assembly of C. reticulatum transcriptome generated 37 265 transcripts in total with an average length of 946 bp. A total of 4072 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) could be identified in these transcript sequences, of which at least 561 SSRs were polymorphic between C. arietinum and C. reticulatum. In addition, a total of 36 446 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified after optimization of probability score, quality score, read depth and consensus base ratio. Several of these SSRs and SNPs could be associated with tissue-specific and transcription factor encoding transcripts. A high proportion (92-94%) of polymorphic SSRs and SNPs identified between the two chickpea species were validated successfully. Further, the estimation of synonymous substitution rates of orthologous transcript pairs suggested that the speciation event for divergence of C. arietinum and C. reticulatum may have happened approximately 0.53 million years ago. The results of our study provide a rich resource for exploiting genetic variations in chickpea for breeding programmes.
117 citations
TL;DR: An EST library from two very closely related chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum) is developed, and systematic collection and evaluation of wild species for useful traits has revealed presence of a diverse gene pool for tolerance to the biotic and abiotics.
Abstract: Chickpea is an important grain legume of the semi arid tropics and warm temperate zones, and forms one of the major components of human diet. However, a narrow genetic base of cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has hindered the progress in realizing high yield gains in breeding programs. Furthermore, various abiotic and biotic stresses are the major bottlenecks for increasing chickpea productivity. Systematic collection and evaluation of wild species for useful traits has revealed presence of a diverse gene pool for tolerance to the biotic and abiotic stresses. Relationships among the species of genus Cicer are presented based on crossability, karyotype and molecular markers. The reproductive barriers encountered during interspecific hybridization are also examined. Recent information on genetic linkage maps, comparison of isozymes and different DNA marker systems used for diversity analysis in chickpea germplasm, tagging of genes/QTLs for qualitative and quantitative traits and progress in application of marker assisted selection and genomics in chickpea are presented.
115 citations
Cites background from "Chromosome banding patterns in the ..."
...(Tayyar et al., 1994)....
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...Significant differences in the haploid genome content and C-heterochromatin content within and among the annual Cicer species have been observed (Tayyar et al., 1994)....
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..., 1996) and also quite similar chromosome banding patterns (Tayyar et al., 1994)....
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...%) exhibited almost similar amounts of C-banded heterochromatin (Galasso et al., 1996) and also quite similar chromosome banding patterns (Tayyar et al., 1994)....
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TL;DR: The results clearly demonstrate a methodology based on random-primed DNA amplification that can be used for studying Cicer phylogeny and chickpea improvement.
Abstract: Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to distinguish between nine different Cicer taxa representing the cultivated chickpea and eight other related annual wild species. Of the 75 random10-mer primers tested, only 8 amplified genomic DNA across all the species. A total of 115 reproducibly scorable RAPD markers were generated, all except 1 polymorphic, and these were utilized to deduce genetic relationships among the annual Cicer species. Four distinct clusters were observed and represented C. arietinum, C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum in first cluster followed by C. chorassanicum and C. yamashitae in the second cluster, while C. pinnatifidum, C. judaicum and C. bijugum formed the third cluster. Cicer cuneatum did not cluster with any of the species and was most distantly placed from the cultivated species. Except for the placement of C. chorassanicum and C. yamashitae, deduced species’ relationships agreed with previous studies. In addition, species-diagnostic amplification products specific to all the nine species were identified. The results clearly demonstrate a methodology based on random-primed DNA amplification that can be used for studying Cicer phylogeny and chickpea improvement.
104 citations
Cites background from "Chromosome banding patterns in the ..."
...1997), karyotype analysis (Ocampo et al. 1992; Tayyar et al. 1994), crossa-...
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...…the question of species’ relationships have been investigated by plant morphology (Robertson et al. 1997), karyotype analysis (Ocampo et al. 1992; Tayyar et al. 1994), crossability studies (Ladizinsky and Adler 1976; Ahmad et al. 1987; Singh and Ocampo 1993), seed storage protein fractionation…...
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TL;DR: This review discusses the progress towards an understanding of genetic relationships between the Cicer species, and the introgression of genes from the wild Cicerspecies into the cultivated species.
Abstract: Efforts to improve the yield and quality of cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) are constrained by a low level of intraspecific genetic diversity. Increased genetic diversity can be achieved via the hybridisation of the cultivated species with the unimproved 'wild' relatives from within the 43 species of the Cicer genus. To date, the 8 species sharing an annual growth habit and chromosome number with C. arietinum have been the primary focus of screening and introgression efforts. Screening of these species has uncovered morphological characteristics and resistance to a number of abiotic and biotic stresses that are of potential value to chickpea improvement programs. Detailed analysis of protein and DNA, karyotyping, and crossability studies have begun to elucidate the relationships between the annual Cicer species. In comparison, perennial species have received little attention due to difficulties in collection, propagation, and evaluation. This review discusses the progress towards an understanding of genetic relationships between the Cicer species, and the introgression of genes from the wild Cicer species into the cultivated species.
100 citations
TL;DR: Diversity analysis showed that Cicer reticulatum is the closest wild species to the cultivated chickpea, and this finding supports the hypothesis that C. reticulata is the most probable progenitor of the cultivated species.
Abstract: Three molecular markers, including start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism, directed amplification of minisatellite-region DNA polymerase chain reaction (DAMD-PCR), and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, were compared in terms of their informativeness and efficiency for analysis of genetic relationships among 38 accessions of eight annual Cicer species The results were as follows: (1) the highest level of detected polymorphism was observed for all three marker types; (2) the rate of diversity for the three marker techniques was approximately equal, and the correlation coefficients of similarity were statistically significant for all three marker systems; (3) the three molecular markers showed relatively similar phylogenetic grouping for examined species Diversity analysis showed that Cicer reticulatum is the closest wild species to the cultivated chickpea, and this finding supports the hypothesis that C reticulatum is the most probable progenitor of the cultivated species C bijugum, C judaicum, and C pinnatifidum were clustered together, and in other clusters C yamashitae and C cuneatum were grouped close together To our knowledge, this is the first detailed comparison of performance among two targeted DNA region molecular markers (SCoT and DAMD-PCR) and the ISSR technique on a set of samples of Cicer The results provide guidance for future efficient use of these molecular methods in genetic analysis of Cicer
82 citations
Cites methods from "Chromosome banding patterns in the ..."
...…the interspecific relationship studies in Cicer have been carried out using plant morphology (Robertson et al. 1997), karyotype (Ocampo et al. 1992; Tayyar et al. 1994), crossability data (Ladizinsky and Adler 1976; Pundir and Vander Maesen 1983; Ahmad et al. 1987), restriction fragment length…...
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01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Van der Maesen and Ramanujam as discussed by the authors provided a reasonable picture of the use of chickpea in early man's history, but more documentation is certainly required.
Abstract: The cultivated chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., was one of the first grain legumes to be domesticated in the Old World. Archaeological and linguistic evidence for the use of chickpea by early man is limited, but a reasonable picture can be drawn of its history. Of course, more documentation is certainly required. This chapter is an update of earlier publications on the same subject by van der Maesen (1972) and Ramanujam (1976).
243 citations
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: The chickpea is generally cultivated in a traditional way and ranks l5th among all crops in area occupied yearly, and with good soil preparation, proper sowing on rows, cultivation and fertilization the crop can yield reasonably.
Abstract: 1. The history of the chickpea or gram, Cicer arietinum L., has been described from Homer's time and the earliest finds, 5450 B.C. in Hacilar, Turkey, up to the present day. The crop was first domesticated in Asia Minor and was introduced in India either from Central Asia or Asia Minor, the two main centres of origin. Some forms were even introduced rather recently. Ethiopia is a secondary centre of domestication; connections with Egypt or Asia remain speculative. Several pieces of evidence oppose the opinion of DE CANDOLLE (1882) that the ancient Egyptians and Jews had only known the chickpea for two millenia. Medical uses, no longer widely practised, are discussed. The spread to the present areas of cultivation is described and mapped. 2. The genus Cicer L. has been revised. Popov (1929) accepted 22 species, now 39 species (8 annual, 31 perennial) are known. One species is described for the first time: C. multijugum from Afghanistan. A key to the species is prepared. The species, arranged alphabetically, are described and accompanied by detailed illustrations. The synonymy and typifications are given, as well as notes on geography, ecology and morphology. The geographical distribution of each species of the genus, occurring in Central Asia, Asia Minor and the Medi terranean, is presented in maps. It is stressed that the variability and geography of many species is not known sufficiently. The poor availability of fresh material of the wild species is a handicap to research. The relation to the other genera in Vicieae is discussed. Cicer occupies a somewhat peculiar place with its glandular hairs, inflated fruits and seed shape. The infraspecific classification in the cultivated species is reviewed; an informal classification is presented on base of the work of POPOVA (1937) without rejecting the older varieties distinguished by JAUBERT and SPACH, and ALEFELD. 3. The importance of the chickpea as the third pulse crop in the world after beans and peas is presented in a map, graphs and tables. The crop ranks l5th among all crops in area occupied yearly. Yields, at present an average of about 700 kg per ha, are highest in Egypt (1670 kg) and Turkey (1220 kg). About 83 of the world production is in the Indian subcontinent. The weather is the main reason for fluctuation in area. The partial recession in area, due to the expanding new cereal cultivars, will be met by higher yields per unit area and aided by higher prices. 4. Some anatomical particulars, e.g. the glandular hairs, are shortly reviewed. 5. The chickpea is generally cultivated in a traditional way. The resistance to drought (deep roots) and ability to grow in poor soils has not increased the care of the crop. However, with good soil preparation, proper sowing on rows, cultivation and fertilization the crop can yield reasonably. The sowing date is very important. Sowing early in the growth season is to be preferred, except in case of wilt disease. Plant density, sowing depth and sowing seed are discussed. Irrigations, needed in some countries, should be practised with care so as not to induce soil anaeroby. Often the chickpea is grown mixed with wheat or mustard, against crop failures and for utilization of different soil layers. In rotation the chickpea is a well esteemed crop. It has maintained soil fertility at a certain level for centuries in the densely populated areas of India. The plants are harvested mainly by hand. Threshing machines need good adjustment to prevent breakage of seeds. Storage is an important problem, since much loss may occur. 6. Ecological trials were carried out on light, daylength, temperature and relative humidity. The photosynthesis rate varied from 250-500 μg CO 2 -uptake per cm 2 and per h at about 26°C, but at 18°C, the rate was not much less. Leaves of two-weeks old are the most effective in photosynthesis and may use twice as much CO 2 as the four-week old leaves. Estimated calculated production appeared to be 12-14 tons of total dry matter, or about 5-7 tons of grains, similar to the highest yield ever obtained on a small plot. The chickpea is a quantitative LD plant. Under 16-h days the flowering was advanced by e.g. 20-35 days, if compared with 9-h days. Short days did not prevent flowering. Dry matter yield was improved in LD. The influence of the photoperiodic effect alone of the daylengths following different sowing dates on flowering and yield is small. Increasing photoperiods appeared to be more favourable than decreasing ones. The optimum temperature for early vegetative growth ranges from 21-29°C (night and day) to 24-32°C for different cultivars. Over the entire growth period the optimum temperature is somewhat lower, 18-26°C and 21-29°C, which is also optimum for flowering. The relative humidity was found to have little influence on fruit-setting. A decrease in light intensity of 25 % of the available amount during May and June, however, was found to decrease the number of pods by 25-50%. Data on soils and nutrients are summarized. As yet the chickpea does not respond to dressings of more than 10 kg N and 30 kg P 2 O 5 per ha. Moderately heavy soils are preferred, but both heavy and light soils are used in some areas. Growth substances usually have a negative influence on the growth of chickpeas. Scarcity of practical trials prohibits any recommendation. Topping appears to be an old practice to stimulate branching. Regeneration, however, takes a long time and is only sufficient under optimum conditions and if applied at an early stage. 7. Breeding has not yet improved yields over large areas. A review on cytogenetics is given. Some new reports on the somatic number of chromosomes of some wild species are added. As crossing technique is a delicate operation, hybridization on a large scale is at present not possible, but pollination at an early stage without emasculation may be a solution. The introduction of new cultivars has not been very successful because they have not shown large differ ences with local cultivars. 8. The most important insect pests of the chickpea are the podborer and the pulse beetles, which are described in some detail. Geographical distribution and way of control is given. All reported pests are mentioned. Nematode attacks seem to be underestimated at present. Rats may cause important damage in stores. 9. The diseases of the chickpea, their occurrence, possible way of control are described. Most damage is done by wilt, caused by both a soil fungus and by physiological drought, and blight. Several other diseases such as rust and foot rots are not yet serious over large areas. As for pests, chemical control is often uneconomic. 10. The chickpea is mainly used as human food, whether fresh, boiled, or roasted in many preparations. As a part of balanced foods it can form an important supplement to the protein nutrition of children. The proteins of chickpea constitute an important part of the protein intake in India. The chemical composition of the seeds (e.g. up to nearly 30% of protein) is given, as well as the amounts of essential amino acids. Except sometimes for methionine and for tryptophan the chickpea appears to be an excellent source of amino acids.
206 citations
TL;DR: Genetic relationships between 7 annual species of the genus Cicer, including the cultivated chickpea, have been studied and a unique postzygotic reproductive barrier mechanism was found between the members of Group II.
Abstract: Genetic relationships between 7 annual species of the genus Cicer, including the cultivated chickpea, have been studied. These species were assigned to 3 crossability groups. In each group interspecific hybrids could be obtained but their fertility differed considerably in the various cross combinations. Crosses between members of different groups yielded no viable seeds. The possibility of gene transfer from the wild species to the cultivated chickpea C. arietinum was also assessed. Only two species could be considered for this purpose, C. reticulatum, which is the wild progenitor of the cultivated species, and C. echinospermum, which is in the secondary gene pool of C. arietinum. A unique postzygotic reproductive barrier mechanism was found between the members of Group II, C. judaicum, C. pinnatifidum and C. bijugum. It is based on a disharmony in the growth rate of the stigma and the anthers at the time of anthesis of the F1 interspecific hybrid so that selfpollination is avoided. It is proposed that this kind of mechanism has been involved only when an effective spatial isolation between the three species had been obtained.
163 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented which strongly supports the notion that the major evolutionary change in chromosome structure in Secale has involved the addition of heterochromatin at, or close to, the telomeres, and it is suggested that saltatory amplification events at telomere were initially responsible for each large increase in DNA amount.
Abstract: Estimates of the 4C DNA amount per nucleus in 16 taxa of the genus Secale made by Feulgen microdensitometry ranged from 28.85 picograms (pg) in S. silvestre PBI R52 to 34.58 pg in S. vavilovii UM 2D49, compared with 33.14 pg in S. cereale cv. “Petkus Spring” which was used as a standard. Giemsa C-banding patterns showed considerable interspecific and intraspecific variation and several instances of polymorphism for large telomeric C-bands. The proportion of telomeric heterochromatin in the genome ranged from about 6% in S. silvestre and S. africanum to about 12% in cultivated rye. A detailed comparison of nine taxa showed no overall relationship between 4C DNA amount and the proportion of telomeric heterochromatin in the genome. However, evidence is presented which strongly supports the notion that the major evolutionary change in chromosome structure in Secale has involved the addition of heterochromatin at, or close to, the telomeres. It is suggested that saltatory amplification events at telomeres were initially responsible for each large increase in DNA amount. Subsequently unequal crossing over between homologues may have played an important secondary role by extending the range of variation in the amount of heterochromatin at a given telomere, while crossing over between non-homologues may have provided a useful mechanism allowing an increase in the DNA amount at one telomere to be distributed between chromosomes.
145 citations