Classical conditioning and instrumental learning of cardiac and gastrointestinal responses following removal of neocortex in the rat.
01 Nov 1970-Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology (American Psychological Association)-Vol. 73, Iss: 2, pp 208-216
About: This article is published in Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology.The article was published on 1970-11-01. It has received 75 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Classical conditioning & Neocortex.
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TL;DR: Using a large emotional picture library, reliable affective psychophysiologies are shown, defined by the judged valence (appetitive/pleasant or aversive/unpleasant) and arousal of picture percepts.
Abstract: Emotions are action dispositions--states of vigilant readiness that vary widely in reported affect, physiology, and behavior. They are driven, however, by only 2 opponent motivational systems, appetitive and aversive--subcortical circuits that mediate reactions to primary reinforcers. Using a large emotional picture library, reliable affective psychophysiologies are shown, defined by the judged valence (appetitive/pleasant or aversive/unpleasant) and arousal of picture percepts. Picture-evoked affects also modulate responses to independently presented startle probe stimuli. In other words, they potentiate startle reflexes during unpleasant pictures and inhibit them during pleasant pictures, and both effects are augmented by high picture arousal. Implications are elucidated for research in basic emotions, psychopathology, and theories of orienting and defense. Conclusions highlight both the approach's constraints and promising paths for future study.
2,549 citations
TL;DR: Converging evidence obtained using techniques from sensory physiology and the neurobiology of learning and memory supports the idea that the primary auditory cortex acquires and retains specific memory traces about the behavioural significance of selected sounds.
Abstract: Learning and memory involve the storage of specific sensory experiences. However, until recently the idea that the primary sensory cortices could store specific memory traces had received little attention. Converging evidence obtained using techniques from sensory physiology and the neurobiology of learning and memory supports the idea that the primary auditory cortex acquires and retains specific memory traces about the behavioural significance of selected sounds. The cholinergic system of the nucleus basalis, when properly engaged, is sufficient to induce both specific memory traces and specific behavioural memory. A contemporary view of the primary auditory cortex should incorporate its mnemonic and other cognitive functions.
582 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that lesions of MG and lower auditory centers, but not lesions of the auditory cortex, block autonomic and behavioral conditioned emotional responses coupled to acoustic stimuli and indicate that subcortical rather than cortical efferents of MG sustain these responses.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the afferent link in the neural pathway which mediates emotional responses coupled to auditory stimuli We evaluated whether autonomic and behavioral responses elicited by acoustic conditioned emotional stimuli are based on afferent information derived from the auditory cortex or from the auditory thalamic relay station, the medial geniculate nucleus (MG), in rats The rat auditory cortex was defined through anterograde neuroanatomical tracing studies involving the injection of HRP into MG Lesions were then placed in the auditory cortex or in MG After 10 to 20 days the rats were subjected to classical fear conditioning trials involving the pairing of a pure tone with electric footshock Changes in mean arterial pressure and heart rate and the duration of immobilization ("freezing") and drink suppression elicited by presentation during extinction trials (no footshock) of the acoustic conditioned emotional stimulus were measured Auditory cortex lesions did not affect the magnitude of the mean arterial pressure or heart rate conditioned responses nor the duration of freezing or drink suppression In contrast, lesions of MG suppressed the magnitude of both the autonomic and somatomotor (behavioral) conditioned emotional responses but did not affect either autonomic or somatic responses elicited by the footshock unconditioned stimulus Lesions of the inferior colliculus, the primary source of afferent input to MG, replicated the effects of MG lesions These findings demonstrate that lesions of MG and lower auditory centers, but not lesions of the auditory cortex, block autonomic and behavioral conditioned emotional responses coupled to acoustic stimuli and indicate that subcortical rather than cortical efferents of MG sustain these responses Our concurrent observation that MG projects to several subcortical areas (central and lateral amygdala; caudate-putamen; ventromedial hypothalamus) involved in emotional behavior and autonomic function suggests hypotheses concerning subsequent links in this emotional processing pathway
489 citations
Cites result from "Classical conditioning and instrume..."
..., undiscriminated) stimulus features (Pinto-Hamuy et al., 1963; Bloch-Rojas et al., 1964; DiCara et al., 1970)....
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...These results are consistent with previous studies showing that complete neodecortication, which necessarily destroys the auditory neocortex, does not prevent the establishment of cardiac conditioned responses in rats (Bloch-Rojas et al., 1964; DiCara et al., 1970)....
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TL;DR: Destruction of either pathway alone had no effect on auditory fear conditioning, however, combined lesions of the two sensory pathways disrupted conditioning.
Abstract: The goal of the present study was to examine the contribution of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala projections to fear conditioning. Lesions were used to destroy either the thalamo-cortico-amygdala projection, the thalamo-amygdala projection, or both projections, and the effects of such lesions on the acquisition of conditioned fear responses (changes in arterial pressure and freezing behavior) to a tone paired with footshock were measured. In each group of animals examined, a large lesion of the acoustic thalamus, including all nuclei of the medial geniculate body and adjacent portions of the posterior thalamus, was made on one side of the brain to block auditory transmission to the forebrain at the level of the thalamus on that side. In this way, experimental lesions could be made on the contralateral side of the brain. Thus, animals with thalamo-amygdala pathway lesions received a large lesion of the acoustic thalamus on one side. Contralaterally, only the nuclei that project to the amygdala (the medial division of the medial geniculate body, the posterior intralaminar nucleus, and the suprageniculate nucleus) were selectively destroyed, leaving much of the thalamo-cortico-amygdala projection intact. For thalamo-cortico-amygdala pathway lesions, the acoustic thalamus was destroyed on one side and temporal and perirhinal cortices were ablated contralaterally. In these animals, thalamo-amygdala projections were intact on the side of the cortical lesion. Destruction of either pathway alone had no effect on auditory fear conditioning. However, combined lesions of the two sensory pathways disrupted conditioning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
447 citations
Cites background from "Classical conditioning and instrume..."
...…confirm previous findings that lesions of auditory cortex do not disrupt auditory fear conditioning to a simple CS (Goldberg and Neff, 196 1; DiCara et al., 1970; LeDoux et al., 1984) even when all temporal and perirhinal cortical areas that receive afferents from the acoustic thalamus are…...
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TL;DR: The use of animal models has progressively defined the circuitry for these functions within the amygdala and its interconnections with other brain systems, including pathways through which the amygdala modulates memory and regulates attention.
387 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1986
4,055 citations
TL;DR: This "truly random" control procedure leads to a new conception of Pavlovian conditioning postulating that the contingency between CS and US, rather than the pairing of CS andUS, is the important event in conditioning.
Abstract: The traditional control procedures for Pavlovian conditioning are examined and each is found wanting. Some procedures introduce nonassociative factors not present in the experimental procedure while others transform the excitatory, experimental CS-US contingency into an inhibitory contingency. An alternative control procedure is suggested in which there is no contingency whatsoever between CS and US. This \"truly random\" control procedure leads to a new conception of Pavlovian conditioning postulating that the contingency between CS and US, rather than the pairing of CS and US, is the important event in conditioning. The fruitfulness of this new conception of Pavlovian conditioning is illustrated by 2 experimental results.
1,328 citations
708 citations
173 citations