Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns
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...…resembles the most prominent mode of internal variability of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime geopotential height field (Wallace and Gutzler 1981; Barnston and Livezey 1987; Kushnir and Wallace 1989) and the leading mode of coupled variability of the extratropical Pacific SST and Northern…...
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...The difference high minus low NAO index values shows a clear shift in [80] storm track activity with statistically significant enhanced variance over the North Atlantic and northern Europe and reduced activity over the subtropical Atlantic....
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...The similarity between the departure pattern of temperature (Figure 6) and the decadal anomalies over the North Atlantic and surrounding landmasses (Figure 1a) is striking and suggests that the recent temperature anomalies over these regions are strongly related to the persistent and exceptionally strong positive phase of the NAO index since the early 1980s....
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...Interannual and longer time-scale changes in the atmospheric circulation and lower tropospheric temperatures during winter over the North Atlantic and adjacent land areas do not appear to be strongly influenced by tropical SST variability (e.g., Barnett, 1985; Kumar et al., 1994; Graham et al., 1994; Lau and Nath, 1994)....
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...Changes in Storm Tracks and Their Effects on the Mean Flow Changes in the mean circulation patterns over the North Atlantic are accompanied by pronounced shifts in the storm tracks and associated synoptic eddy activity (Rogers, 1990; Hurrell, 1995b; Rogers and Mosley-Thompson, 1995)....
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...Although it is evident throughout the year, it is most pronounced during winter and accounts for more than one-third of the total variance of the SLP field over the North Atlantic (Figure 4, see also Wallace and Gutzler, 1981; Barnston and Livezey, 1987)....
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...The NAO is the only teleconnection pattern evident throughout the year in the NH [ Barnston and Livezey , 1987 ] ....
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..., Barnston and Livezey , 1987 ; Kushnir and Wallace , 1989 ] ....
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...…the boreal winter months ; however , throughout the year the leading pattern of variability is characterized by a surface pressure dipole , and thus may be viewed as the NAO , although the spatial pattern is not stationary [ Barnston and Livezey , 1987 ; Hurrell and van Loon , 1997 ; Portis et al ....
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...…correspond to the negative and positive phases of the NAO , while the third and fourth regimes display a strong anticyclonic ridge and trough , respectively , off western Europe and bear some resemblance to the EA teleconnection pattern [ Wallace and Gutzler , 1981 ; Barnston and Livezey , 1987 ] ....
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...The second EOF , which resembles the East Atlantic ( EA ) pattern during the winter and spring months [ Wallace and Gutzler , 1981 ; Barnston and Livezey , 1987 ] , generally accounts for about 15% of the total SLP variance ( not shown ) ....
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