Clastogenic activity of strontium chloride on bone marrow cells in vivo.
TL;DR: Oral administration of different concentrations of Strontium chloride to laboratory bred mice in vivo induced chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cell metaphase preparations resulted in clastogenicity and females showed greater susceptibility than the males at all concentrations used.
Abstract: Oral administration of different concentrations of Strontium chloride to laboratory bred mice in vivo induced chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cell metaphase preparations. The degree of clastogenicity was directly proportional to concentration used at 6, 12, and 24 h of treatment. Duration of treatment could only be related positively in the lower doses. The females showed greater susceptibility than the males at all concentrations used.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the properties of beryllium, the lightest of the alkaline-earth metals, as well as a number of special immunological and pulmonary toxicology concerns that impact workplace practices.
Abstract: Magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium are among the alkaline-earth metals, found in group IIA of the periodic table. Sir Humphrey Davy first described the electrochemical isolation of barium, magnesium, calcium, and strontium in 1808, and the isolation of a radium salt from waste uranium ore was described by the Curies in 1898. These metals are being presented separately from other metals in this edition. Beryllium, the lightest of the alkaline-earth metals, is also being handled separately from the alkaline earths covered in this chapter, as beryllium has a number of special immunological and pulmonary toxicology concerns that impact workplace practices and industrial hygiene concerns. Topics covered include chemical and physical properties, production and use, exposure assessments, toxic effects, standards regulations, and guidelines for each matter.
Keywords:
barium;
biomarkers;
calcium;
exposure assessment;
magnesium;
mechanisms;
production;
radium;
regulations;
standards;
strontium;
use;
toxic effects
11 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that 90Sr ingestion may be responsible for some of the reported effects of internal contamination on the immune system in civilian populations exposed to the Chernobyl fallout.
Abstract: Strontium 90 ((90)Sr) remains in the environment long after a major nuclear disaster occurs. As a result, populations living on contaminated land are potentially exposed to daily ingesting of low quantities of (90)Sr. The potential long-term health effects of such chronic contamination are unknown. In this study, we used a mouse model to evaluate the effects of (90)Sr ingestion on the immune system, the animals were chronically exposed to (90)Sr in drinking water at a concentration of 20 kBq/l, for a daily ingestion of 80-100 Bq/day. This resulted in a reduced number of CD19(+) B lymphocytes in the bone marrow and spleen in steady-state conditions. In contrast, the results from a vaccine experiment performed as a functional test of the immune system showed that in response to T-dependent antigens, there was a reduction in IgG specific to tetanus toxin (TT), a balanced Th1/Th2 response inducer antigen, but not to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a strong Th2 response inducer antigen. This was accompanied by a reduction in Th1 cells in the spleen, consistent with the observed reduction in specific IgG concentration. The precise mechanisms by which (90)Sr acts on the immune system remain to be elucidated. However, our results suggest that (90)Sr ingestion may be responsible for some of the reported effects of internal contamination on the immune system in civilian populations exposed to the Chernobyl fallout.
8 citations
Cites background from "Clastogenic activity of strontium c..."
...7 g/kg for females with acute exposure (34) and a nonobservable...
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01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: It is determined that strontium ranelate has cytotoxic effect on peripheral blood cell population upon both acute and chronic treatment (p<0.001).
Abstract: Strontium is a naturally occurring element that exists in the environment mainly as a free metal or in the (II) oxidation state. In this study, rats were treated by gavage with 500 mg/kg of strontium ranelate dissolved in saline three times per week for 12 weeks (chronic treatment) and 24 hours (acute treatment). The genotoxic potential of strontium ranelate was investigated in Wistar rat peripheral blood, using the micronucleus (MN) test systems. In addition to this test system, we also investigated the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) to normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) as a cytotoxicity marker. Strontium ranelate induced micronucleus formation in peripheral blood and bone marrow of rats. It is determined that strontium ranelate has cytotoxic effect on peripheral blood cell population upon both acute and chronic treatment (p<0.001).
4 citations
Cites background or methods from "Clastogenic activity of strontium c..."
...(gaps, breaks, nondisjunction, polyploidy) in bone marrow cells 5-fold after 6 hours (Ghosh et al., 1990)....
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...Oral administration of 130 mg strontium/kg body weight as strontium chloride to Swiss albino female mice increased the incidence of chromosomal aberrations (gaps, breaks, nondisjunction, polyploidy) in bone marrow cells 5-fold after 6 hours (Ghosh et al., 1990)....
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Patent•
04 May 2009
TL;DR: A combination treatment, wherein a strontium-containing compound together with one or more active substances capable of reducing the incidence of bone fracture and increasing bone density and improving healing of fractured bone and/or improving bone quality are administered for use in the treatment and prophylaxis of cartilage and bone conditions, is described in this paper.
Abstract: A combination treatment, wherein a strontium-containing compound together with one or more active substances capable of reducing the incidence of bone fracture and/or increasing bone density and/or improving healing of fractured bone and/or improving bone quality are administered for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of cartilage and/or bone conditions.
1 citations
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479 citations
TL;DR: There was a significant increase in chromosome damage with increasing exposure, aberration frequency was a linear function of dose and was influenced by age and time of blood sampling after exposure.
Abstract: The incidence of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 197 dockyard workers has been followed over a 10-yr period. These workers were exposed to mixed neutron-gamma radiation during the refuelling of nuclear reactors, but most exposures were below the internationally accepted maximum permissible level of 5 rem per yr. There was a significant increase in chromosome damage with increasing exposure; aberration frequency was a linear function of dose and was unfluenced by age and time of blood sampling after exposure.
209 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a trend test for evidence of a dose response is proposed for such SCE data, where the percent of cells with chromosome aberrations is the response of interest, and Monte Carlo methods are used to show that the trend test is more sensitive than four other statistical procedures considered for the analysis of Poisson-distributed SCE.
Abstract: It is a widely held view that objective statistical criteria are needed for the evaluation of genetic toxicity assays. This paper presents statistical methods for the analysis of data from in vitro sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberration tests that use Chinese hamster ovary cells. For SCEs, an extensive study of solvent control results demonstrated that there is a substantial interday component of variability in the data, and that a Poisson sampling model is applicable to data generated via the protocol of Galloway et al [1985]. Consequently, a trend test for evidence of a dose response is proposed for such SCE data. As an illustration of this statistical method, analysis of data previously considered to be negative [Gulati et al, 1985] indicates that di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate induces a weak, but reproducible, SCE dose response in CHO cells. Monte Carlo methods are used to show that the trend test is more sensitive than four other statistical procedures considered for the analysis of Poisson-distributed SCEs. A similar trend test for dose response in proportions is proposed for chromosome aberration data, where the percent of cells with chromosome aberrations is the response of interest. Sensitivity (or power) studies indicate that three doses and a control with 50 cells/dose point is a reasonable design for an in vitro SCE study that uses the Galloway et al protocol. For in vitro chromosome aberrations, however, three doses and a control with 100 cells/dose point appears to produce too insensitive an assay; an increase to 200 cells/dose point in the Galloway et al protocol seems worthy of serious consideration.
157 citations
TL;DR: In assessing the effects of environmental metal pollution, the presence of other metals and toxic chemicals and the level of nutrition should be taken into account, since in nature, metals occur in combination and these factors modify the cytotoxic effects to a significant extent.
Abstract: An analysis of the available data on the clastogenic effects of metals and their compounds on higher organisms indicates some general trends. Following chronic exposure to subtoxic doses, a decrease in mitotic frequency and an increase in the number of chromosomal abnormalities are observed. These effects are usually directly proportional to the dose applied and the duration of treatment within the threshold limits. Recovery after acute treatment is inversely related to the dosage. The ultimate expression of the effects depends on certain factors, including the mode and vehicle of administration; the form administered; the test system used; the rate of detoxification, distribution, and retention in the different tissues; and interaction with foreign and endogenous substances as well as the mode of action with the biological macromolecules. In mammals, the clastogenic activity of the metals within each vertical group of the periodic table is directly proportional to the increase in atomic weight, electropositivity, and solubility of the metallic cations in water and lipids, except for Li and Ba. This pattern of inherent cytotoxicity increases with successive periods in the horizontal level. It is enhanced by the formation of covalent and coordinate covalent complexes by heavy metals with the biological macromolecules. In plants, the solubility of the metals in water is of much greater importance. The degree of dissociation of metallic salts and the rate of absorption affect significantly the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. In assessing the effects of environmental metal pollution, the presence of other metals and toxic chemicals and the level of nutrition should be taken into account, since in nature, metals occur in combination and these factors modify the cytotoxic effects to a significant extent.
104 citations