Posted Content•
Climbing the Entrepreneurial Ladder: The Role of Gender
07 Jan 2008-ERIM report series research in management Erasmus Research Institute of Management (Erasmus Research Institute of Management)-
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate whether women and men differ with respect to the steps they take in the entrepreneurial process, distinguishing between five successive steps described by the following positions: "never thought about it", "thinking about starting up a business", "taking steps to start a business"; (4) "running a business for less than three years"; (5) running business for more than three months; and (6) running the business for longer periods of time.
Abstract: textWe investigate whether women and men differ with respect to the steps they take in the entrepreneurial process, distinguishing between five successive steps described by the following positions: (1) "never thought about it"; (2) "thinking about starting up a business"; (3) "taking steps to start a business"; (4) "running a business for less than three years"; (5) "running a business for more than three years". This paper provides insights into the manner in which women and men climb the entrepreneurial ladder and the factors that influence their position on the ladder. We use data from the 2006 "Flash Eurobarometer survey on Entrepreneurship" consisting of more than 10,000 observations for 25 member states of the European Union, Norway, Iceland and the United States. Findings suggest that for men it is easier to climb the ladder and that this may be attributed partly to their higher tolerance of risk.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) design enables the identification of genes specifically associated with economic outcomes such as occupational and other choices, which is a promising new approach for economics research which they aim to apply to the choice for entrepreneurship.
Abstract: The recently developed genome-wide association study (GWAS) design enables the identification of genes specifically associated with economic outcomes such as occupational and other choices. This is a promising new approach for economics research which we aim to apply to the choice for entrepreneurship. However, due to multiple testing issues, very large sample sizes are needed to differentiate between true and false positives. For a GWAS on entrepreneurship, we expect that a sample size of at least 30,000 observations is required.
39 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized the main results of the empirical research on self-employment dynamics and discussed their possible implications on entrepreneurial policy effectiveness and promoted a debate on this topic, encouraging conditional analyses that serve as guidance in the design of a policy agenda.
Abstract: Determinants of Self-Employment Dynamics and their Implications on
Entrepreneurial Policy Effectiveness
Jose Maria Millan, Emilio Congregado and Concepcion Roman
Abstract: This paper summarizes the main results of the empirical research on self-employment dynamics —particularly entry and success— and discusses their possible implications on entrepreneurial policy effectiveness. The main goal of this study is to promote a debate on this topic, encouraging conditional analyses that serve as guidance in the design of a policy agenda.
Key words: Entrepreneurship, self-employment, entry, success, public policy. JEL Classification:J18, J24, M13.
Determinantes de la dinamica del autoempleo y sus implicaciones sobre la
efectividad de la politica de promocion empresarial
Resumen: Este trabajo resume los principales resultados de las investigaciones empiricas sobre la dinamica del autoempleo —en particular entrada y exito— y discute sus posibles implicaciones sobre la efectividad de la politica de promocion empresarial. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es estimular un debate que contribuya al desarrollo de futuros analisis condicionales, para guiar el diseno de la agenda politica en este campo.
Palabras clave: iniciativa empresarial, autoempleo, entrada, exito, politicas publicas. Clasificacion JEL: J18, J24, M13.
Les determinants de la dynamique de l’auto-emploi et leurs implications sur
l’efficacite de la politique de soutient aux entreprises
Resume: Ce travail montre les principaux resultats des etudes empiriques sur la dynamique de l’auto-emploi, notamment en ce qui concerne sa creation et son deroulement a fin d’analyser ses implications sur l’efficacite de la politique de soutient aux entreprises. Ainsi, l’objectif principal de ce travail est celui d’entamer un debat autour des conditions necessaires a l’auto-emploi qui vise la construction d’un agenda politique pour son developpement.
Mots cle: Soutient aux entreprises, auto-emploi, entree, sucess, politique publiques. Classification JEL: J18, J24, M13.
10 citations
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, a compilation thesis consisting of three research studies on the normative and personal expectations that influence entrepreneurial engagement subsequent to business exits is presented, and the implications for entrepreneurship theory, policy and practice that arise from this duality are discussed.
Abstract: This dissertation is a compilation thesis consisting of three research studies on the normative and personal expectations that influence entrepreneurial engagement subsequent to business exits. Collectively, the three studies provide insights into how and when variances between performance expectations and actual business outcomes shift the demand and supply of different groups of experienced entrepreneurs. On the demand side, I theorize and empirically examine variances in acts and modes of entrepreneurial engagement that correlate to informal (stigma of business failure, masculine norms) and formal (regulatory environment) institutional contexts. On the supply side, I develop propositions about cognitive aspects of business exits that influence the motivation of experienced entrepreneurs to engage in serial entrepreneurship. I ask the following three questions in my dissertation research: When and how do the fit or non-fit of exits from successful and unsuccessful businesses influence future engagement in entrepreneurship activity (Study 1)? How are the future career decisions of entrepreneurs who close failed businesses influenced by formal, i.e., the regulatory environment for doing business, and informal, i.e., the stigma of business failure, institutional contexts (Study 2)? Do differences in normative expectations influence the re-entry of male and female entrepreneurs differently following the closure of a failed business (Study 3)? The extant studies in the entrepreneurship literature often emphasize the characteristics of the entrepreneur or the institutional context. This dissertation highlights the fact that social realities, in concert with the cognitive processing of business exits, shape the acts and modes of entrepreneurial engagement subsequent to business exits. The implications for entrepreneurship theory, policy and practice that arise from this duality are discussed. BUSINESS EXITS AND REENTRY: DEMAND AND SUPPLY EXPLANATIONS OF ENTREPRENEUR CAREER CHOICES
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a partir de un analisisis de fuentes documentales, se pone de relieve que the vinculcation entre emprendimiento and empleo autonomo da lugar a two procesos simultaneos: a contradiccion entre their objetivos and the instrumentos propuestos to cumplirlos, and the promocion de un modelo cultural that se construye en oposicion a la idea of "empleo asalariado" and des
Abstract: Este articulo aborda las medidas sobre impulso del emprendimiento promovidas por las instituciones europeas y adoptadas en Espana en los ultimos anos. En particular, el articulo problematiza el vinculo entre “emprendimiento” y “empleo autonomo” que caracteriza al diseno de estas politicas. A partir de un analisis de fuentes documentales, se pone de relieve que la vinculacion entre emprendimiento y empleo autonomo da lugar a dos procesos simultaneos: por un lado, una contradiccion entre sus objetivos –la creacion de empleo, el crecimiento economico y la innovacion– y los instrumentos propuestos para cumplirlos. Por otro, la promocion de un modelo cultural que se construye en oposicion a la idea de “empleo asalariado” y que desplaza los riesgos sociales hacia el individuo, dando lugar a una ruptura de los modelos solidaristas de politicas sociales y de empleo.
4 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that a cooperative is a firm in itself, with many independent input suppliers as owners, and that the behavioral differences between a cooperative and an investor owned firm have to be addressed by highlighting the unique aspects of the stakeholder owning the enterprise.
Abstract: In the 1950s and 1960s there was a debate about the nature of an agricultural cooperative: the cooperative as extension of the farm, the cooperative as vertical integration or the cooperative as a firm. We revisit this debate with various concepts from the theory of the firm that have been formulated since 1990. Two concepts shed light on this debate: the enterprise as a system of attributes and the delineation of a governance structure in terms of ownership rights, control rights and income rights. We argue that viewing the cooperative as a system of attributes integrates these three views. It emphasizes that a cooperative is a firm in itself, with many independent input suppliers as owners. The feature of many input suppliers as owners implies that the behavioral differences between a cooperative and an investor owned firm have to be addressed by highlighting the unique aspects of the stakeholder owning the enterprise.
4 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the developmental process of nascent entrepreneurs for 18 months and found that bridging and bonding social capital, consisting of both strong and weak ties, was a robust predictor for nascent entrepreneurs and advancing through the start-up process.
3,777 citations
Book Chapter•
01 May 2003TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the developmental process of nascent entrepreneurs for 18 months and found that bridging and bonding social capital, consisting of both strong and weak ties, was a robust predictor for nascent entrepreneurs and advancing through the start-up process.
Abstract: This study examines nascent entrepreneurship by comparing individuals engaged in nascent activities (n=380) with a control group (n=608), after screening a sample from the general population (n=30,427). The study then follows the developmental process of nascent entrepreneurs for 18 months. Bridging and bonding social capital, consisting of both strong and weak ties, was a robust predictor for nascent entrepreneurs, as well as for advancing through the start-up process. With regard to outcomes like first sale or showing a profit, only one aspect of social capital, viz. being a member of a business network, had a statistically significant positive effect. The study supports human capital in predicting entry into nascent entrepreneurship, but only weakly for carrying the start-up process towards successful completion.
3,414 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the process of selection into self-employment over the life cycle and the determinants of self employment earnings using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men (NLS) for 1966-1981 and the Current Population Surveys for 1968-1987.
Abstract: About 4.2 million men and women operate businesses on a full-time basis. Comprising more than a tenth of all workers, they run most of our nation’s firms and employ about a tenth of all wage workers. The fraction of the labor force that is self-employed has increased since the mid-1970s after a long period of decline.1 This paper examines the process of selection into self-employment over the life cycle and the determinants of self-employment earnings using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men (NLS) for 1966–1981 and the Current Population Surveys for 1968–1987.
2,188 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the process of selection into self-employment over the life cycle and the determinants of self employment earnings using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men (NLS) for 1966-1981 and the Current Population Surveys for 1968-1987.
Abstract: About 4.2 million men and women operate businesses on a full-time basis. Comprising more than a tenth of all workers, they run most of our nation’s firms and employ about a tenth of all wage workers. The fraction of the labor force that is self-employed has increased since the mid-1970s after a long period of decline.1 This paper examines the process of selection into self-employment over the life cycle and the determinants of self-employment earnings using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men (NLS) for 1966–1981 and the Current Population Surveys for 1968–1987.
1,946 citations