Journal ArticleDOI
Clock Synchronization Over IEEE 802.11—A Survey of Methodologies and Protocols
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TLDR
This survey looks into the details of synchronization over IEEE 802.11 with a particular focus on the infrastructure mode which is most relevant for industrial use cases and highlights the different parameters which affect the performance of clock synchronization over WLAN and compares the performances of existing synchronization methods to analyze their shortcomings.Abstract:
Just like Ethernet before, IEEE 802.11 is now transcending the borders of its usage from the office environment toward real-time communication on the factory floor. However, similar to Ethernet, the availability of synchronized clocks to coordinate and control communication and distributed real-time services is not a built-in feature in WLAN. Over the years, this has led to the design and use of a wide variety of customized protocols with varying complexity and precision, both for wired and wireless networks, in accordance with the increasingly demanding requirements from real-time applications. This survey looks into the details of synchronization over IEEE 802.11 with a particular focus on the infrastructure mode which is most relevant for industrial use cases. It highlights the different parameters which affect the performance of clock synchronization over WLAN and compares the performance of existing synchronization methods to analyze their shortcomings. Finally, it identifies new trends and directions for future research as well as features for wireless clock synchronization which will be required by the applications in the near future.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Blind Asynchronous Over-the-Air Federated Edge Learning
TL;DR: In this paper , a synchronization-free method is proposed to recover the parameters of the global model over the air without requiring any prior information about the time misalignments at the receiver.
Posted Content
An Experimental Validation of Accurate and Precise GNSS Time Synchronization in Vehicular Networks.
TL;DR: Experimental results show that the attainable timing accuracy from GNSS services in consumer-grade on-board devices can be as good as 2 microseconds, which still meets the desired requirement for most vehicular applications.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
A Cross-Network Clock Synchronization Scheme With Low Complexity for Industrial Internet of Things
TL;DR: Test results show that the proposed method can meet the requirement of cross-network clock synchronization with low complexity and is convenient for unified management and Internet Protocol (IP) transmission of the networks.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Extending Reference Broadcast Infrastructure Synchronization Protocol in IEEE 802.11 as Enabler for the Industrial Internet of Things
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a concept for simple but accurate synchronization in IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network that extends the Reference Broadcast Infrastructure Synchronization protocol, and a suitable integration of IEEE 802 802.1AS that is part of the IEEE time sensitive networking standards.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Out-Degree Based Clock Synchronization In Wireless Networks Using Precision Time Protocol
Monika Bansal,Apurva Gupta +1 more
TL;DR: An extension of Precision Time Protocol to enable energy-efficient clock synchronization between the nodes within Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to reduce clock convergence time and energy needed by considering out-degree of clocks without sacrificing synchronization accuracy is proposed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts
TL;DR: Reference Broadcast Synchronization (RBS) as discussed by the authors is a scheme in which nodes send reference beacons to their neighbors using physical-layer broadcasts, and receivers use their arrival time as a point of reference for comparing their clocks.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
The flooding time synchronization protocol
TL;DR: The FTSP achieves its robustness by utilizing periodic flooding of synchronization messages, and implicit dynamic topology update and comprehensive error compensation including clock skew estimation, which is markedly better than that of the existing RBS and TPSN algorithms.
Journal ArticleDOI
Time and Frequency (Time-Domain) Characterization, Estimation, and Prediction of Precision Clocks and Oscillators
TL;DR: A tutorial review of some time-domain methods of characterizing the performance of precision clocks and oscillators is presented, and both the systematic and random deviations are considered.
Book
Characterization of Frequency Stability
J.A. Barnes,Andrew R. Chi,Leonard S. Cutler,Daniel J. Healey,D. B. Leeson,Thomas E. McGunigal,James A. Mullen,Warren L. Smith,Richard L. Sydnor,R. F. C. Vessot,Gernot M. R. Winkler +10 more
TL;DR: In this article, the spectral density S y (f) of the function y(t) where the spectrum is considered to be one-sided on a per hertz basis is defined.