Co-management and the co-production of knowledge: Learning to adapt in Canada's Arctic
01 Aug 2011-Global Environmental Change-human and Policy Dimensions (Pergamon)-Vol. 21, Iss: 3, pp 995-1004
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the role of knowledge co-production as an institutional trigger or mechanism to enable learning and adaptation in a rapidly changing Arctic environment, and highlight the importance of a long-term commitment to institution building, an enabling policy environment to sustain difficult social processes associated with knowledge coproduction, and the value of diverse modes of communication, deliberation and social interaction.
Abstract: Co-management institutional arrangements have an important role in creating conditions for social learning and adaptation in a rapidly changing Arctic environment, although how that works in practice has not been clearly articulated. This paper draws on three co-management cases from the Canadian Arctic to examine the role of knowledge co-production as an institutional trigger or mechanism to enable learning and adapting. Experience with knowledge co-production across the three cases is variable but outcomes illustrate how co-management actors are learning to learn through uncertainty and environmental change, or learning to be adaptive. Policy implications of this analysis are highlighted and include the importance of a long-term commitment to institution building, an enabling policy environment to sustain difficult social processes associated with knowledge co-production, and the value of diverse modes of communication, deliberation and social interaction.
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TL;DR: The authors explore opportunities for an integrated approach in community resilience to inform new research directions and practice, using the productive common ground between two strands of literature on community resilience, one from social-ecological systems and the other from the psychology of development and mental health.
Abstract: We explore opportunities for an integrated approach in community resilience to inform new research directions and practice, using the productive common ground between two strands of literature on community resilience, one from social–ecological systems and the other from the psychology of development and mental health. The first strand treats resilience as a systems concept, dealing with adaptive relationships and learning in social–ecological systems across nested levels, with attention to feedbacks, nonlinearity, unpredictability, scale, renewal cycles, drivers, system memory, disturbance events, and windows of opportunity. The second strand emphasizes identifying and developing community strengths, and building resilience through agency and self-organization, with attention to people–place connections, values and beliefs, knowledge and learning, social networks, collaborative governance, economic diversification, infrastructure, leadership, and outlook. An integrative approach seated in the complex ada...
1,101 citations
Cites background from "Co-management and the co-production..."
...Community adaptive capacity to deal with change relies not only on existing cultural adaptations but also on the ability to put together knowledge from different sources to make a new synthesis, co-producing knowledge (Armitage et al. 2011)....
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...Hence, resilience building can be accomplished by actively developing and engaging the capacity to thrive in an environment characterized by change (Magis 2010; Armitage et al. 2011)....
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TL;DR: This work presents the multiple evidence base (MEB) as an approach that proposes parallels whereby indigenous, local and scientific knowledge systems are viewed to generate different manifestations of knowledge, which can generate new insights and innovations through complementarities.
Abstract: Indigenous and local knowledge systems as well as practitioners’ knowledge can provide valid and useful knowledge to enhance our understanding of governance of biodiversity and ecosystems for human well-being. There is, therefore, a great need within emerging global assessment programs, such as the IPBES and other international efforts, to develop functioning mechanisms for legitimate, transparent, and constructive ways of creating synergies across knowledge systems. We present the multiple evidence base (MEB) as an approach that proposes parallels whereby indigenous, local and scientific knowledge systems are viewed to generate different manifestations of knowledge, which can generate new insights and innovations through complementarities. MEB emphasizes that evaluation of knowledge occurs primarily within rather than across knowledge systems. MEB on a particular issue creates an enriched picture of understanding, for triangulation and joint assessment of knowledge, and a starting point for further knowledge generation.
754 citations
Cites background from "Co-management and the co-production..."
...Keywords Local knowledge Indigenous knowledge Complementarity Validation Ecosystem assessments Co-production of knowledge...
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...Co-production of knowledge is part of many cases of co-management (e.g., Armitage et al. (2011)), community-based management (e.g., Ballard et al. (2008)), and participatory natural resource monitoring (Danielsen et al. 2009)....
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TL;DR: The coproduction principle is used to examine the roles, relationships and aims of this interdependent work, and the principle's implications and challenges for health professional development, for service delivery system design and for understanding and measuring benefit in healthcare services.
Abstract: Efforts to ensure effective participation of patients in healthcare are called by many names—patient centredness, patient engagement, patient experience. Improvement initiatives in this domain often resemble the efforts of manufacturers to engage consumers in designing and marketing products. Services, however, are fundamentally different than products; unlike goods, services are always ‘coproduced’. Failure to recognise this unique character of a service and its implications may limit our success in partnering with patients to improve health care. We trace a partial history of the coproduction concept, present a model of healthcare service coproduction and explore its application as a design principle in three healthcare service delivery innovations. We use the principle to examine the roles, relationships and aims of this interdependent work. We explore the principle's implications and challenges for health professional development, for service delivery system design and for understanding and measuring benefit in healthcare services.
682 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a framework for evidence-based guidance on how tasks to mobilise, translate, negotiate, synthesise and apply multiple forms of evidence can bridge knowledge systems.
452 citations
TL;DR: This article explored the extent to which the early political economic critique of the adaptation concept has influenced how it is used in this literature and discussed its main interpretations, concluding with a discussion of continuity and change in the conceptualization of adaptation, and point to new research directions.
361 citations
Cites background from "Co-management and the co-production..."
...Typical research topics that fit into this category were the co-production of knowledge for climate adaptation (Newsham and Thomas, 2011; Armitage et al., 2011), the influence of social identity in risk perception (Frank et al., 2011), and the behavioral dimensions of adaptive actions (Pelling and…...
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...this category were the co-production of knowledge for climate adaptation (Newsham and Thomas, 2011; Armitage et al., 2011), the influence of social identity in risk perception (Frank et al....
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References
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TL;DR: Aguilar et al. as discussed by the authors define intervencion as "entrar en un conjunto de relaciones en desarrollo con el proposito de ser util".
Abstract: «... Intervenir es entrar en un conjunto de relaciones en desarrollo con el proposito de ser util. El tipo de ayuda en el que nos vamos a centrar consiste en aumentar la capacidad para una buena dialectica organizativa —es decir, la capacidad de indagacion organizativa para encajar errores, incongruencias e incompatibilidades en una teoria organizativa de la accion la cual necesariamente emerge a medida que el sistema organizativo/ambiental cambia» (p. 158). «... Nuestra actividad en la intervencion debe por tanto ocuparse de tres propositos. Estos son: 1) ayudar al cliente a ser consciente y a descongelar sus teorias al uso del Modelo I y sistemas de aprendizaje O-I, y 2) educar al cliente a usar el Modelo II y a crear sistemas de aprendizaje O-II, para 3) usar este nuevo conocimiento con el fin de lograr una buena dialectica organizativa. Llamamos a la actividad de intervencion que incluye las tres intenciones una intervencion extensa» (p. 166).
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of adaptation of human communities to global changes, especially climate change, in the context of adaptive capacity and vulnerability is presented, focusing on scholarship that contributes to practical implementation of adaptations at the community scale.
Abstract: This paper reviews the concept of adaptation of human communities to global changes, especially climate change, in the context of adaptive capacity and vulnerability. It focuses on scholarship that contributes to practical implementation of adaptations at the community scale. In numerous social science fields, adaptations are considered as responses to risks associated with the interaction of environmental hazards and human vulnerability or adaptive capacity. In the climate change field, adaptation analyses have been undertaken for several distinct purposes. Impact assessments assume adaptations to estimate damages to longer term climate scenarios with and without adjustments. Evaluations of specified adaptation options aim to identify preferred measures. Vulnerability indices seek to provide relative vulnerability scores for countries, regions or communities. The main purpose of participatory vulnerability assessments is to identify adaptation strategies that are feasible and practical in communities. The distinctive features of adaptation analyses with this purpose are outlined, and common elements of this approach are described. Practical adaptation initiatives tend to focus on risks that are already problematic, climate is considered together with other environmental and social stresses, and adaptations are mostly integrated or mainstreamed into other resource management, disaster preparedness and sustainable development programs. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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TL;DR: Through successive rounds of learning and problem solving, learning networks can incorporate new knowledge to deal with problems at increasingly larger scales, with the result that maturing co- management arrangements become adaptive co-management in time.
2,040 citations
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TL;DR: The authors argue that resilience provides a useful framework to analyze adaptation processes and to identify appropriate policy responses, and distinguish between incremental adjustments and transformative action and demonstrate that the sources of resilience for taking adaptive action are common across scales.
Abstract: Adaptation is a process of deliberate change in anticipation of or in reaction to external stimuli and stress. The dominant research tradition on adaptation to environmental change primarily takes an actor-centered view, focusing on the agency of social actors to respond to specific environmental stimuli and emphasizing the reduction of vulnerabilities. The resilience approach is systems orientated, takes a more dynamic view, and sees adaptive capacity as a core feature of resilient social-ecological systems. The two approaches converge in identifying necessary components of adaptation. We argue that resilience provides a useful framework to analyze adaptation processes and to identify appropriate policy responses. We distinguish between incremental adjustments and transformative action and demonstrate that the sources of resilience for taking adaptive action are common across scales. These are the inherent system characteristics that absorb perturbations without losing function, networks and social capit...
1,933 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors develop a conceptual framework addressing the dynamics and adaptive capacity of resource governance regimes as multi-level learning processes, where the influence of formal and informal institutions, the role of state and non-state actors, the nature of multilevel interactions and the relative importance of bureaucratic hierarchies, markets and networks are identified as major structural characteristics of governance regimes.
Abstract: Governance failures are at the origin of many resource management problems. In particular climate change and the concomitant increase of extreme weather events has exposed the inability of current governance regimes to deal with present and future challenges. Still our knowledge about resource governance regimes and how they change is quite limited. This paper develops a conceptual framework addressing the dynamics and adaptive capacity of resource governance regimes as multi-level learning processes. The influence of formal and informal institutions, the role of state and non-state actors, the nature of multi-level interactions and the relative importance of bureaucratic hierarchies, markets and networks are identified as major structural characteristics of governance regimes. Change is conceptualized as social and societal learning that proceeds in a stepwise fashion moving from single to double to triple loop learning. Informal networks are considered to play a crucial role in such learning processes. The framework supports flexible and context sensitive analysis without being case study specific. First empirical evidence from water governance supports the assumptions made on the dynamics of governance regimes and the usefulness of the chosen approach. More complex and diverse governance regimes have a higher adaptive capacity. However, it is still an open question how to overcome the state of single-loop learning that seem to characterize many attempts to adapt to climate change. Only further development and application of shared conceptual frameworks taking into account the real complexity of governance regimes can generate the knowledge base needed to advance current understanding to a state that allows giving meaningful policy advice.
1,783 citations