CO2 Methanation : The Effect of Catalysts and Reaction Conditions
TL;DR: In this paper, great attention has been paid to develop non-fossil fuel energy sources to reduce carbon emissions and create a sustainable energy system for the future Storing the intermittent energy is one of t
About: This article is published in Energy Procedia.The article was published on 2017-05-01 and is currently open access. It has received 236 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Energy source & Carbon-neutral fuel.
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TL;DR: A critical review that summarizes state-of-the-art technologies for biogas upgrading with particular attention to the emerging biological methanation processes and discusses the future perspectives for overcoming the challenges associated with upgradation.
Abstract: The environmental impacts and high long-term costs of poor waste disposal have pushed the industry to realize the potential of turning this problem into an economic and sustainable initiative. Anaerobic digestion and the production of biogas can provide an efficient means of meeting several objectives concerning energy, environmental, and waste management policy. Biogas contains methane (60%) and carbon dioxide (40%) as its principal constituent. Excluding methane, other gasses contained in biogas are considered as contaminants. Removal of these impurities, especially carbon dioxide, will increase the biogas quality for further use. Integrating biological processes into the bio-refinery that effectively consume carbon dioxide will become increasingly important. Such process integration could significantly improve the sustainability of the overall bio-refinery process. The biogas upgrading by utilization of carbon dioxide rather than removal of it is a suitable strategy in this direction. The present work is a critical review that summarizes state-of-the-art technologies for biogas upgrading with particular attention to the emerging biological methanation processes. It also discusses the future perspectives for overcoming the challenges associated with upgradation. While biogas offers a good substitution for fossil fuels, it still not a perfect solution for global greenhouse gas emissions and further research still needs to be conducted.
210 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a critical review of the state of the art in low-temperature CO2 methanation, including reaction thermodynamics and kinetics, catalyst materials including supports and promoters, and suitable reactor technologies.
198 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this Minireview is to provide an overview of recent chemical reactions involving gaseous samples by ball milled techniques and to highlight advances in ball milling technology for the safe handling of gaseously reagents.
Abstract: In recent years, the application of mechanical energy to chemical systems has repeatedly proven beneficial to facilitate chemical transformations in various areas in chemistry. Today, a systematic body of evidence indicates that mechanochemistry holds great promise to become a game-changer in chemical synthesis. Not only does mechanochemistry permit access to products that are inaccessible by established means (e.g. purely thermal activation), mechanochemical reactions often outperform their solution-based counterparts in terms of sustainability. Most mechanochemical reactions carried out by ball milling techniques involve transformations of solids and liquids, but the number of mechanochemical reactions with gaseous reactants is increasing. The aim of this Minireview is to provide an overview of recent chemical reactions involving gaseous samples by ball milling techniques and to highlight advances in ball milling technology for the safe handling of gaseous reagents. Examples of reactions proceeding at the interface of solid-/liquid-/gas-gas systems that led to significant improvements in reactivity or selectivity will also be highlighted.
187 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a well-established commercial technology for ethylene production, steam cracking, is described as a highly energy and carbon intensive process, despite decades of optimization efforts, the process is, nevertheless, still highly energy intensive.
Abstract: Steam cracking is a well-established commercial technology for ethylene production. Despite decades of optimization efforts, the process is, nevertheless, highly energy and carbon intensive. This r...
181 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review focusing on various catalytic CO2 hydrogenation approaches for converting CO2 to fuels such as CH4 is presented, including thermal, catalytic-membrane, photo and plasma energy assisted processes.
171 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of reactions occurring in the methanation of carbon oxides (CO and CO2) is conducted using the Gibbs free energy minimization method.
Abstract: Synthetic natural gas (SNG) can be obtained via methanation of synthesis gas (syngas). Many thermodynamic reaction details involved in this process are not yet fully understood. In this paper, a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of reactions occurring in the methanation of carbon oxides (CO and CO2) is conducted using the Gibbs free energy minimization method. The equilibrium constants of eight reactions involved in the methanation reactions were calculated at different temperatures. The effects of temperature, pressure, ratio of H-2/CO (and H-2/CO2), and the addition of other compounds (H2O, O-2, CH4, and C2H4) in the feed gas (syngas) on the conversion of CO and CO2, CH4 selectivity and yield, as well as carbon deposition, were carefully investigated. In addition, experimental data obtained on commercial Ni-based catalysts for CO methanation and three cases adopted from the literature were compared with the thermodynamic calculations. It is found that low temperature, high pressure, and a large H-2/CO (and H-2/CO2) ratio are favourable for the methanation reactions. Adding steam into the feed gas could alleviate the carbon deposition to a large extent. Trace amounts of O-2 in syngas is unfavourable for SNG generation although it can lower carbon deposition. Additional CH4 in the feed gas almost has no influence on the CO conversion and CH4 yield, but it leads to the increase of carbon formed. Introduction of a small amount of C2H4, a representative of hydrocarbons in syngas, results in low CH4 yield and serious carbon deposition although it does not affect CO conversion. CO is relatively easy to hydrogenated compared to CO2 at the same reaction conditions. The comparison of thermodynamic calculations with experimental results demonstrated that the Gibbs free energy minimization method is significantly effective for understanding the reactions occurring in methanation and helpful for the development of catalysts and processes for the production of SNG.
602 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of a micro-channel-based Sabatier reaction was described for applications such as propellant production on Mars or space habitat air revitalization, and the resulting reaction was incorporated into a reactive plug-flow model that represents a microchannel reactor.
274 citations
"CO2 Methanation : The Effect of Cat..." refers background in this paper
...The overall reaction in equation 1 is favored at lower temperature, but due to kinetic limitations, a catalyst needs to be utilized [8]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a nickel-based catalysts with a nickel content of 12 wt% were prepared with the zirconia-alumina composite as the supports, and the new catalysts showed higher catalytic activity and better stability than Ni/γ-Al 2 O 3.
217 citations
"CO2 Methanation : The Effect of Cat..." refers methods in this paper
...[15] investigated the effect of ZrO2 in a ZrO2-Al2O3 composite, where the support was prepared by different methods before Ni impregnation....
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TL;DR: In this article, the methanation of carbon dioxide has been studied over 3% Ru/Al2O3 and 20% Ni/Al 2O3 commercial catalysts.
172 citations
"CO2 Methanation : The Effect of Cat..." refers background or methods in this paper
..., by Johnson Matthey, Topsøe and Clariant-Süd Chemie [14]....
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...Additionally, Ru based catalysts are also offered for the methanation processes [5, 14]....
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...Ni/Al2O3 based catalysts seem to be mostly supplied by catalyst manufacturers, e.g., by Johnson Matthey, Topsøe and Clariant-Süd Chemie [14]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the structural and catalytic properties of metal/zirconia catalysts are compared and possible reaction pathways are discussed, and possible routes of reaction are discussed.
Abstract: Metal/zirconia catalysts have attracted considerable interest for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. Various preparation methods such as impregnation, co-precipitation, sol–gel synthesis, and controlled oxidation of amorphous metal alloys have been used, leading to catalysts with very different properties. The catalytic behaviour of these materials is greatly influenced by the active metal and by the interfacial contact area between the metal and zirconia. Cu and Ag catalyse mainly methanol formation, while methane is formed over, e.g., Ni, Ru and Rh. Examples for less reactive metal constituents are Pd, Rh, Pt and Au, catalysing simultaneously the formation of methanol, carbon monoxide (by reverse water–gas shift reaction) and methane. The structural and catalytic properties of the various catalysts are compared and possible reaction pathways are discussed.
160 citations