Cognition In The Wild
01 Jan 2016-
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01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors acknowledge the basic place of writing in our world by going back to ANT's roots in anthropology of writing and argue that such a move is helpful in better understanding, at least, two crucial aspects of contemporary life that are constantly performed and enacted by written traces: forms of reasoning and modes of governing.
Abstract: Beyond the scientific literacy as the starting point of ANT's investigations, such a focus on written traces calls for unfolding the utterly graphic quality of modern societies Our world, namely writing societies (as anthropologists used to put it), is literally saturated with traces and written objects Any human being is constantly defined with birth and death certificates, identity papers, school or professional degrees, employment contracts, fingerprints, property acts, marriage agreement… and of course handwritten signatures Watches, calendars and diaries, clocks, rules and yardsticks, scales… and of course money are also crucial in the coordination and synchronisation of actions Similarly, a contemporary city would not exist without its architectural plans and drawings, street plaques, directory signs, road markings, shop signs… and of course its map, on both printed and online versions The State itself would be little, if anything at all, without administrative lists, regular population census, archives of many kinds, a lot of maps of different scales, resource inventories… and of course national statistics In this chapter, we want to acknowledge the basic place of writing in our world by going back to ANT's roots in anthropology of writing Such a move, we argue, is helpful in better understanding, at least, two crucial aspects of the contemporary life that are constantly performed and enacted by written traces: Forms of reasoning and modes of governing These practices are commonplace in ANT studies, and the best-known vocabulary used by scholars to describe them is one of the 'immutable mobiles' (Latour, 1986) and their stabilising properties However, following the developments in anthropology of writing is key in unfolding and (re)discovering how far the multiplicity of written traces goes beyond immutable mobiles, and gives access to hitherto neglected practices in producing knowledge and performing politics
13 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...When observed ‘in the wild’ (Hutchins, 1995), cognition appears to lie on complex and hybrid ‘systems’ in which different kinds of material representations are put into circulation....
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...The way Hutchins (1995), Kirsh (1995), Lave (1988) and Suchman (1987) accounted for inscriptions and their materials did not oppose to the structuralist linguistic view on writing, though, but to cognitive sciences and, more generally, experimental psychology....
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01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: Fighter pilots operate high-performing powerful aircraft, equipped with complex sensor systems, in a dynamic and hostile environment, and need to have control over their own aircraft as well as that of other pilots.
Abstract: Fighter pilots operate high-performing powerful aircraft, equipped with complex sensor systems, in a dynamic and hostile environment. The pilots need to have control over their own aircraft as well ...
13 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...The concept of distributed cognition as described by Hutchins (1995) takes into account all agents and also artefacts in...
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...Another example where the researcher went into the real world and studied professionals in action is Hutchins’ studies of ship navigators which led to a detailed and rich description of how the navigation task is performed in sub-tasks shared between several people at different locations and mediated by tools (Hutchins, 1995)....
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TL;DR: The findings showed that young people engaged in dynamic practices of information seeking, use, and sharing, and revealed how the historical, sociocultural, material, and technological contexts embedded in makerspace activities shaped these information practices.
Abstract: While there have been a growing number of studies on makerspaces in different disciplines, little is known about how young people interact with information in makerspaces. This study aimed...
13 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...The practices of sharing information shown in this present study demonstrate that knowledge is socially distributed among people and tools across different physical and online spaces (Hutchins, 1995)....
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Dissertation•
07 Oct 2015
TL;DR: The authors propose conjointement d'etudier l'activite de grimpeurs en escalade glaciere tout en developpant des perspectives for the conception.
Abstract: Cette these propose conjointement d’etudier l’activite de grimpeurs en escalade glaciere tout en developpant des perspectives pour la conception. Pour cela, elle s’appuie sur un programme de recherche empirique d’anthropologie cognitive enactif et un programme de recherche technologique ergonomique d’evaluation des situations d’appropriation. La premiere partie de ce travail s’attache a decrire la construction de « l’objet piolet » en faisant le lien entre innovation et pratique tout en determinant la relation entre pratiquant et objet technique afin de construire les bases d’une « pensee de la technique » necessaire a la constitution d’un programme de recherche technologique pour la conception. La deuxieme partie poursuit une visee a) epistemique en produisant des connaissances sur le role de mediation joue par les piolets dans l’activite des glacieristes, et b) transformative, en developpant la situation d’appropriation comme objet de conception. Pour ce faire, nous mettons en avant a) l’utilisabilite des objets techniques (etude 1) puis b) l’appropriabilite de ces derniers (etude 2) pour ensuite c) mettre en oeuvre l’objet theorique cours d’in-formation en exploitant des donnees issues de l’activite soumise et non soumise a la conscience pre-reflexive pour documenter l’appropriation (etude 3). La troisieme partie, quant a elle, poursuit une visee transformative et s’attarde a definir des criteres pertinents pour developper le programme de recherche et enrichir la conception.
12 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...…se trouvent dans l’énaction (Maturana & Varela, 1994 ; Varela, 1989a, 1989b ; Varela, Thompson, & Rosch, 1993), l’anthropologie ou l’ethnographie cognitive (Hutchins, 1995 ; Lave, 1988 ; Suchman, 1987), l’ergonomie de langue française (Amalberti, de Montmolin, & Theureau, 1991 ; Daniellou, 2005,…...
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...41 Nous ferons alors le choix d’appuyer nos travaux sur le programme de recherche empirique dit « du cours d’action » dont les emprunts multiples se trouvent dans l’énaction (Maturana & Varela, 1994 ; Varela, 1989a, 1989b ; Varela, Thompson, & Rosch, 1993), l’anthropologie ou l’ethnographie cognitive (Hutchins, 1995 ; Lave, 1988 ; Suchman, 1987), l’ergonomie de langue française (Amalberti, de Montmolin, & Theureau, 1991 ; Daniellou, 2005, 1996 ; Wisner, 1995) et la phénoménologie (Husserl, 1964 ; Merleau-Ponty, 1962 ; Sartre, 1960) et dont la systématisation la plus récente a été présentée par Theureau (2009, 2006, 2004)....
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TL;DR: The working theories are described as one of the two principal outcomes of Te Whāriki, the early childhood curriculum in Aotearoa New Zealand as mentioned in this paper, but despite its prominence as a curricular outcome, the theo...
Abstract: ‘Working theories’ are described as one of the two principal outcomes of Te Whāriki, the early childhood curriculum in Aotearoa New Zealand. Despite its prominence as a curricular outcome, the theo...
12 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...Thought, or theorising, involves coordinating many elements, both internal and external to thinkers, including those embodied in objects, ideas and social relationships (Hutchins, 1995)....
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References
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TL;DR: The authors argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses and that the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
Abstract: How broad is the class of affordances we can perceive? Affordances (Gibson, 1979/1986) are possibilities for action provided to an animal by the environment—by the substances, surfaces, objects, and other living creatures that surround it. A widespread assumption has been that affordances primarily relate to motor action—to locomotion and manual behaviors such as reaching and grasping. We propose an account of affordances according to which the concept of affordances has a much broader application than has hitherto been supposed. We argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses. By virtue of our many abilities, the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
628 citations
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TL;DR: Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding as discussed by the authors, which is a program of research in the learning sciences that I call "situative".
Abstract: This chapter discusses a program of research in the learning sciences that I call “situative.” The defining characteristic of a situative approach is that instead of focusing on individual learners, the main focus of analysis is on activity systems : complex social organizations containing learners, teachers, curriculum materials, software tools, and the physical environment. Over the decades, many psychologists have advocated a study of these larger systems (Dewey, 1896, 1929/1958; Lewin, 1935, 1946/1997; Mead, 1934; Vygotsky, 1987), although they remained outside the mainstream of psychology, which instead focused on individuals. Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding. Other terms for the perspective I refer to as situative include sociocultural psychology (Cole, 1996; Rogoff, 1995), activity theory (Engestrom, 1993; 1999), distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995a), and ecological psychology (Gibson, 1979; Reed, 1996). I use the term “situative” because I was introduced to the perspective by scholars who referred to their perspective as situated action (Suchman, 1985), situated cognition (Lave, 1988), or situated learning (Lave & Wenger, 1991). I prefer the term “situative,” a modifier of “perspective,” “analysis,” or “theory,” to “situated,” used to modify “action,” “cognition,” or “learning,” because the latter adjective invites a misconception: that some instances of action, cognition, or learning are situated and others are not. During the 1980s and 1990s these scholars and others provided analyses in which concepts of cognition and learning are relocated at the level of activity systems.
545 citations
TL;DR: This work argues that advances in digital technologies increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration.
Abstract: The increased digitization of organizational processes and products poses new challenges for understanding product innovation. It also opens new horizons for information systems research. We analyse how ongoing pervasive digitization of product innovation reshapes knowledge creation and sharing in innovation networks. We argue that advances in digital technologies 1 increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and 2 increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration. These developments, in turn, stretch existing innovation networks by redistributing control and increasing the demand for knowledge coordination across time and space presenting novel challenges for knowledge creation, assimilation and integration. Based on this foundation, we distinguish four types of emerging innovation networks supported by digitalization: 1 project innovation networks; 2 clan innovation networks; 3 federated innovation networks; and 4 anarchic innovation networks. Each network involves different cognitive and social translations - or ways of identifying, sharing and assimilating knowledge. We describe the role of five novel properties of digital infrastructures in supporting each type of innovation network: representational flexibility, semantic coherence, temporal and spatial traceability, knowledge brokering and linguistic calibration. We identify several implications for future innovation research. In particular, we focus on the emergence of anarchic network forms that follow full-fledged digital convergence founded on richer innovation ontologies and epistemologies calling to critically re-examine the nature and impact of modularization for innovation.
418 citations
TL;DR: A blind IQA model is proposed, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison and is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem.
Abstract: This paper investigates how to blindly evaluate the visual quality of an image by learning rules from linguistic descriptions. Extensive psychological evidence shows that humans prefer to conduct evaluations qualitatively rather than numerically. The qualitative evaluations are then converted into the numerical scores to fairly benchmark objective image quality assessment (IQA) metrics. Recently, lots of learning-based IQA models are proposed by analyzing the mapping from the images to numerical ratings. However, the learnt mapping can hardly be accurate enough because some information has been lost in such an irreversible conversion from the linguistic descriptions to numerical scores. In this paper, we propose a blind IQA model, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison. Images are represented by natural scene statistics features. A discriminative deep model is trained to classify the features into five grades, corresponding to five explicit mental concepts, i.e., excellent, good, fair, poor, and bad. A newly designed quality pooling is then applied to convert the qualitative labels into scores. The classification framework is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem. Thorough experiments are conducted on popular databases to verify the model’s effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness.
360 citations
TL;DR: The current state of the descriptive information-processing model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics are reviewed.
Abstract: About a decade ago, psychology of the arts started to gain momentum owing to a number of drives: technological progress improved the conditions under which art could be studied in the laboratory, neuroscience discovered the arts as an area of interest, and new theories offered a more comprehensive look at aesthetic experiences. Ten years ago, Leder, Belke, Oeberst, and Augustin (2004) proposed a descriptive information-processing model of the components that integrate an aesthetic episode. This theory offered explanations for modern art's large number of individualized styles, innovativeness, and for the diverse aesthetic experiences it can stimulate. In addition, it described how information is processed over the time course of an aesthetic episode, within and over perceptual, cognitive and emotional components. Here, we review the current state of the model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics.
329 citations