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Cognition In The Wild

01 Jan 2016-
TL;DR: The cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read and is available in the digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: Thank you very much for reading cognition in the wild. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite books like this cognition in the wild, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their laptop. cognition in the wild is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read.
Citations
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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual chapter outlines three stages in the development of interactive presence, and outlines some possibilities and challenges raised by each, and by their combination, and suggests that presence is the yardstick of embodiment from an experiential perspective.
Abstract: This conceptual chapter outlines three stages in the development of interactive presence, and outlines some possibilities and challenges raised by each, and by their combination. The first stage, presence via altered embodiment, refers to the way technology allows us to experience the world with modified or enhanced senses. The second stage, via expanded embodiment, refers to technology pushing the envelope of the mental body in which one feels present, out beyond the physical body. Finally, distributed embodiment refers to how the sense of being present in the world can be separated from that of ownership of a particular body, through the development of new approaches to deploying the technologies of virtual realization. We suggest that presence is the yardstick of embodiment from an experiential perspective. If you cannot feel presence, you are not embodied in the world.

11 citations


Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"

  • ...Given the clear popularity of mobility and social connectivity, it seems that presence will increasingly be experienced through attention to an external world in which the physical and the virtual are somehow blended (see also Benyon, 2012; Hoshi, Öberg and Nyberg, 2011)....

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  • ...The idea of distributed cognition (Perry 2003) is familiar, along with a variety of related views about how information technologies are assimilated into the way we make sense of and function in the world (e.g., Clark 2003, Dourish 2001, Hutchins 1996, Kaptelinin & Nardi 2006,)....

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01 Jul 2015
TL;DR: Camillus et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the variations in motivations and practices of assessing grants, the plausible sources of these variations, and the relationship between grant assessment motivations and practice, and concluded that organizational identity is the central determinant of foundation practices.
Abstract: Philanthropic foundations have long played important roles in American society. Scholars have explored institutional philanthropy from a variety of perspectives but have not yet generated a robust theory of foundation behavior. This study explores one specific aspect of foundation behavior, grant assessment. Here, “grant assessment” refers to the full range of post-award reflections on a given grant, from formal evaluations to informal, retrospective judgments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the variations in motivations and practices of assessing grants, the plausible sources of these variations, and the relationship between grant assessment motivations and practices. Since there is little theoretically-grounded, empirical research in this domain, this study is exploratory with the aim of developing theory rather than testing hypotheses. The research design is inductive and primarily qualitative. Data gathering included key informant interviews with 27 grant-making professionals from 17 private foundations in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA) area. Content analyses of these foundations’ websites and public documents complemented the interview data. The findings from this study suggest that grant assessment motivations and practices are triggered by two mechanisms: one agent-based, derived from the foundation’s organizational identity and the other grant-based, determined by grant type. Informants demonstrated high fidelity to organizational identity as expressed in their foundations’ mission statements and signaled by other organizational messaging devices, including website design and content. The organizational identity typology which emerged provides support for moving beyond the conventional conceptualization of foundation behavior along a continuum of “active” to “passive” to one that acknowledges the role of identity. These findings contest that conventional perspective and offer an alternative interpretation of foundation behavior, through the lens of organizational identity, defined here as organizational values, aspirations, and competencies (Camillus, 2008). That is, these findings suggest that organizational identity is the central determinant of foundation practices, with implications for the types of grants they make and their grant assessment motivations and practices. This study concludes with suggestions for further research to refine this typology and to test the extent to which organizational identity explains foundation grant-making practices.

11 citations


Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"

  • ...Organizational identity is also inextricably linked to collective sense-making and cognition, in that it informs mental models and assumptions about behavioral norms (Harris, 1994; Hutchins, 1995; Weick, 1995)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Arguments from poststructuralist writers are presented as a foundation for advocating the need to develop further these positions within HCI.
Abstract: In human–computer interaction (HCI), the human often has been conceptualized as a user. Although this notion has illuminated one aspect of the human–technology relationship, some researchers have argued for the need to explore alternative notions. One such notion becoming increasingly frequent in HCI is the self. In this paper, a study of how the self is described in 88 HCI research publications is presented. Four main aspects of the self are identified: instrumental, communicative, emotional, and playful. These four aspects differ, yet they present the self as stable, coherent, and individual. However, these characteristics have been criticized by several contemporary philosophers. This paper presents arguments from poststructuralist writers as a foundation for advocating the need to develop further these positions within HCI. The theories of Mark C. Taylor, who combines poststructuralism with complexity theory, provide a framework for viewing the self as relational to the extent that interaction becomes an existential process and thus interactive technology constitutes an existential arena.

11 citations


Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"

  • ...Rather, dynamic and contextual approaches tend to be sociological, political, or ethical in outlook, while cognitive approaches often retain the individualism, rationalism, and determinism of more traditional research (Hutchins, 1995; Patel, Kaufman, & Arocha, 2002)....

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  • ...The theory of distributed cognition allows for investigating how information and knowledge are used in real-world settings (Hutchins, 1995)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper argues that there are two different senses of “cognitive extension” at play, that are different enough to warrant separate labels, and proposes to set it apart from other types of extended cognition by using the label “symbiotic cognition.”
Abstract: Cognition is claimed to be extended by a wide array of items, ranging from notebooks to social institutions. Although the connection between individuals and these items is usually referred to as "coupling," the difference between notebooks and social institutions is so vast that the meaning of "coupling" is bound to be different in each of these cases. In this paper I argue that the radical difference between "artifact-extended cognition" and "socially extended cognition" is not sufficiently highlighted in the literature. I argue that there are two different senses of "cognitive extension" at play, that I shall label, respectively, "implementation extension" and "impact extension." Whereas implementation extension is a causal-functional notion, impact-extension hinges on social normativity that is connected with organization and action coordination. I will argue that the two kinds of cognitive extension are different enough to warrant separate labels. Because the most salient form of social extension of cognition involves the reciprocal co-constitution of cognitive capacities, I will propose to set it apart from other types of extended cognition by using the label "symbiotic cognition."

11 citations


Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"

  • ...In the section “Symbiotic Cognition, Cognitive Integration and Distributed Cognition,” I will compare the idea of symbiotic cognition with integrated cognition (Menary, 2007, 2010, 2013) and distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995; Hutto and Myin, 2017)....

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  • ...What about socially distributed cognition? On Hutchins’ original proposal, (Hutchins, 1995) socially distributed cognition is a view on cognition that is much like the idea of group minds (Theiner et al....

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  • ...In this respect it doesn’t matter whether we speak of cognitive integration (Menary, 2007, 2010), “distributed cognition” (Hutchins, 1995; Hutto and Myin, 2017) or of cognitive extension (Clark and Chalmers, 1998; Clark, 2008; Gallagher, 2013)....

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  • ...On Hutchins’ original proposal, (Hutchins, 1995) socially distributed cognition is a view on cognition that is much like the idea of group minds (Theiner et al., 2010)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A key finding from the study was the sheer volume of tools identified in the 11 health services and the associated burdens for staff and patients.
Abstract: In this issue, Redley and Raggatt1 report on the use of risk assessment tools in the care of older people in Victoria, Australia. Concern with healthcare quality and safety has precipitated widespread use of a range of such seemingly simple interventions. Checklists, pathways, algorithms are a tempting way for organisations and healthcare professionals to signal to the outside world that they are making a good faith effort to ensure service quality. Yet the popularity of these everyday tools has not been matched by their systematic and critical analysis, leading to concern about the potential impact of a growing epidemic of ‘polyformacy’ on healthcare systems. Redley and Raggatt draw into view specific insights about risk management in older people, but their research highlights issues of wider relevance about the use of everyday technologies for healthcare quality and safety that merit further reflection. A key finding from the study was the sheer volume of tools identified in the 11 health services—52 in total—and the associated burdens for staff and patients. Healthcare work has always involved charts and documents of one kind or another, but over the last three decades the patient record has been transformed from a loosely structured narrative description produced for educational purposes2 to a highly complex account of any aspect of treatment that has official status.3 In a context in which trust in professionals has been replaced by trust in auditable systems, documentation has become important evidence of organisational and professional performance.4 Far from serving as a straightforward catalogue of care, the …

11 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses and that the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
Abstract: How broad is the class of affordances we can perceive? Affordances (Gibson, 1979/1986) are possibilities for action provided to an animal by the environment—by the substances, surfaces, objects, and other living creatures that surround it. A widespread assumption has been that affordances primarily relate to motor action—to locomotion and manual behaviors such as reaching and grasping. We propose an account of affordances according to which the concept of affordances has a much broader application than has hitherto been supposed. We argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses. By virtue of our many abilities, the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.

628 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Nov 2014
TL;DR: Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding as discussed by the authors, which is a program of research in the learning sciences that I call "situative".
Abstract: This chapter discusses a program of research in the learning sciences that I call “situative.” The defining characteristic of a situative approach is that instead of focusing on individual learners, the main focus of analysis is on activity systems : complex social organizations containing learners, teachers, curriculum materials, software tools, and the physical environment. Over the decades, many psychologists have advocated a study of these larger systems (Dewey, 1896, 1929/1958; Lewin, 1935, 1946/1997; Mead, 1934; Vygotsky, 1987), although they remained outside the mainstream of psychology, which instead focused on individuals. Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding. Other terms for the perspective I refer to as situative include sociocultural psychology (Cole, 1996; Rogoff, 1995), activity theory (Engestrom, 1993; 1999), distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995a), and ecological psychology (Gibson, 1979; Reed, 1996). I use the term “situative” because I was introduced to the perspective by scholars who referred to their perspective as situated action (Suchman, 1985), situated cognition (Lave, 1988), or situated learning (Lave & Wenger, 1991). I prefer the term “situative,” a modifier of “perspective,” “analysis,” or “theory,” to “situated,” used to modify “action,” “cognition,” or “learning,” because the latter adjective invites a misconception: that some instances of action, cognition, or learning are situated and others are not. During the 1980s and 1990s these scholars and others provided analyses in which concepts of cognition and learning are relocated at the level of activity systems.

545 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work argues that advances in digital technologies increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration.
Abstract: The increased digitization of organizational processes and products poses new challenges for understanding product innovation. It also opens new horizons for information systems research. We analyse how ongoing pervasive digitization of product innovation reshapes knowledge creation and sharing in innovation networks. We argue that advances in digital technologies 1 increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and 2 increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration. These developments, in turn, stretch existing innovation networks by redistributing control and increasing the demand for knowledge coordination across time and space presenting novel challenges for knowledge creation, assimilation and integration. Based on this foundation, we distinguish four types of emerging innovation networks supported by digitalization: 1 project innovation networks; 2 clan innovation networks; 3 federated innovation networks; and 4 anarchic innovation networks. Each network involves different cognitive and social translations - or ways of identifying, sharing and assimilating knowledge. We describe the role of five novel properties of digital infrastructures in supporting each type of innovation network: representational flexibility, semantic coherence, temporal and spatial traceability, knowledge brokering and linguistic calibration. We identify several implications for future innovation research. In particular, we focus on the emergence of anarchic network forms that follow full-fledged digital convergence founded on richer innovation ontologies and epistemologies calling to critically re-examine the nature and impact of modularization for innovation.

418 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A blind IQA model is proposed, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison and is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem.
Abstract: This paper investigates how to blindly evaluate the visual quality of an image by learning rules from linguistic descriptions. Extensive psychological evidence shows that humans prefer to conduct evaluations qualitatively rather than numerically. The qualitative evaluations are then converted into the numerical scores to fairly benchmark objective image quality assessment (IQA) metrics. Recently, lots of learning-based IQA models are proposed by analyzing the mapping from the images to numerical ratings. However, the learnt mapping can hardly be accurate enough because some information has been lost in such an irreversible conversion from the linguistic descriptions to numerical scores. In this paper, we propose a blind IQA model, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison. Images are represented by natural scene statistics features. A discriminative deep model is trained to classify the features into five grades, corresponding to five explicit mental concepts, i.e., excellent, good, fair, poor, and bad. A newly designed quality pooling is then applied to convert the qualitative labels into scores. The classification framework is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem. Thorough experiments are conducted on popular databases to verify the model’s effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness.

360 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current state of the descriptive information-processing model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics are reviewed.
Abstract: About a decade ago, psychology of the arts started to gain momentum owing to a number of drives: technological progress improved the conditions under which art could be studied in the laboratory, neuroscience discovered the arts as an area of interest, and new theories offered a more comprehensive look at aesthetic experiences. Ten years ago, Leder, Belke, Oeberst, and Augustin (2004) proposed a descriptive information-processing model of the components that integrate an aesthetic episode. This theory offered explanations for modern art's large number of individualized styles, innovativeness, and for the diverse aesthetic experiences it can stimulate. In addition, it described how information is processed over the time course of an aesthetic episode, within and over perceptual, cognitive and emotional components. Here, we review the current state of the model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics.

329 citations