Cognition In The Wild
01 Jan 2016-
TL;DR: The cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read and is available in the digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: Thank you very much for reading cognition in the wild. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite books like this cognition in the wild, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their laptop. cognition in the wild is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore key epistemological questions relating to the radical and accelerated remapping of the limits of what it now means to be human in information communication technologies (ICTs).
Abstract: As transcendent technologies, information communication technologies (ICTs) exist beyond the divergent equivalence of human categories of difference such as race, gender, and class, as well as operating outside traditional binary oppositions such as good/bad, love/hate, and rational/irrational. While a material grounding in earlier forms of embodied social experience remains a necessary prerequisite of interaction with virtual systems, a vast collection of technological applications now exhibit some degree of agency as they interact with humans and their environment. This development has enormous consequences for human life, human flourishing, and social organisation, raising significant ethical concerns relevant to public and policy debates. It is, therefore, pertinent to explore key epistemological questions relating to the radical and accelerated remapping of the limits of what it now means to be human. While this article does not purport to offer a pragmatic solution, it constitutes an interdisciplina...
10 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...As Hutchins (1995) points out, however, it is only through embodied human effort and imagination that such smart devices have been conceived in order to improve our working, leisure, and home environments....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors outline some new developments in a mature research program that sees administrative theory as cohering with natural science and uses a coherence theory of epistemic justification to shape the content and structure of administrative theory.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to outline some new developments in a mature research program that sees administrative theory as cohering with natural science and uses a coherence theory of epistemic justification to shape the content and structure of administrative theory Three main developments are discussed First, the paper shows how to deal with the evaluation of theories (of, say, leadership) where there is a demand that a theory needs to be context relevant, but also comprehensive The solution is to allow context to determine the scope of comprehensiveness Second, the paper develops an argument structure employing a coherentist epistemology for how ethical claims can be incorporated into administrative theories Finally, the paper, drawing on research in neuroscience, argues for the relevance of emotion in rational decision-making Contrary to the belief that emotion compromises rationality, the paper argues that it is essential for rationality
10 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...In the process what needs to be warded against is that a group develops confirmation bias, the view that a favourite idea is kept no matter what (Hutchins, 1995)....
[...]
TL;DR: The construct and the role of distributed situation awareness (DSA) on the anaesthetic management of challenging major obstetric haemorrhage cases is explored, specifically the anaesthetist's perception of the operating theatre elements, the understanding of their meaning and the anticipation of their progress in interaction with other people and artefacts.
Abstract: In this study, the construct and the role of distributed situation awareness (DSA) on the anaesthetic management of challenging major obstetric haemorrhage (MOH) cases is explored, specifically the anaesthetist's perception of the operating theatre elements, the understanding of their meaning and the anticipation of their progress in interaction with other people and artefacts. Eighteen anaesthetists from four Scottish Hospitals were asked to discuss a challenging MOH case from their experience, prompted by questions emanating from a critical decision method protocol. The majority of the described DSA references were attributed to gathering information and in interaction with external artefacts, including monitors, suction containers, the whiteboard and even swabs. For understanding and anticipating, the majority of DSA references emerged in interaction with other team members within and outside the operating theatre. Methods for improving practice and training in MOH should address the interactiv...
10 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...In this paper, the focus is on SA as a manifestation of anaesthetists’ expertise in the management of MOH cases and as viewed from a distributed cognition (Hutchins 1995; Artman and Garbis 1998; Hollan, Hutchins, and Kirsh 2000; Stanton et al. 2006; Hazlehurst, McMullen, and Gorman 2007; Salmon et al. 2009; Fioratou et al. 2010; Stanton et al. 2010) approach, rather than the traditional individual (Endsley 1995) or shared/team SA (Endsley and Robertson 2000; Endsley and Johnes 2001; Salas et al....
[...]
...…paper, the focus is on SA as a manifestation of anaesthetists’ expertise in the management of MOH cases and as viewed from a distributed cognition (Hutchins 1995; Artman and Garbis 1998; Hollan, Hutchins, and Kirsh 2000; Stanton et al. 2006; Hazlehurst, McMullen, and Gorman 2007; Salmon et al.…...
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, a task was designed in which team members were required to identify a "rogue" vehicle in road traffic and an agent-based model was developed to reflect the performance of the teams in the experiment.
Abstract: The question of how situation awareness is managed in a team remains a challenge for ergonomics. In this paper, a task was designed in which team members were required to identify a ‘rogue’ vehicle in road traffic. In one version of the task, team members see the same information in the same format, and in the other version, team members each have a different view of the situation. Performance was less accurate in the second version of the task and this was not affected by communication between team members. An agent-based model was developed to reflect the performance of the teams in the experiment and to allow manipulation of team characteristics. The models showed that the ‘expertise’ of agents affects not only their performance on the task but also their communication. This suggests that such modelling could be a useful line of research for the study of situation awareness.
10 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...Distributed situation awareness (DSA) builds on Hutchins’ (1995) observation that ‘cognition’ in any reasonably complex system is likely to be distributed across the various entities that operate in that system, be they fellow crew members or computing devices....
[...]
...…paper on ‘how a cockpit remembers its speed’ emphasises the fact that there is unlikely to be a single locus in that system which possesses all of the knowledge required to know the speed of the aircraft, but that the interactions of system entities creates the required awareness (Hutchins 1995)....
[...]
09 Jun 2015
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore how a sensemaking task can be understood in terms of the distribution of task-relevant representations across internal and external representations, and conclude that the design and interactional properties of external representational media has a profound effect on the properties of the combined distributed sensemaking system.
Abstract: Sensemaking frequently involves the use of representations ‘in the world’ embodied within representational artefacts. However, theories of sensemaking tend not to engage with this issue in depth. Such an understanding, we propose, is important for supporting artefact design. This article develops a perspective on distributed sensemaking by taking as the unit of analysis an assembly of people and/or artefacts, potentially distributed physically, socially and over time rather than the mind of an individual sensemaker. Through an observational study of military analysts we explore how a sensemaking task can be understood in terms of the distribution of task-relevant representations across internal and external representations. We conclude that in sensemaking, as with many cognitive activities, the design and interactional properties of external representational media has a profound effect on the properties of the combined distributed sensemaking system.
10 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: The authors argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses and that the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
Abstract: How broad is the class of affordances we can perceive? Affordances (Gibson, 1979/1986) are possibilities for action provided to an animal by the environment—by the substances, surfaces, objects, and other living creatures that surround it. A widespread assumption has been that affordances primarily relate to motor action—to locomotion and manual behaviors such as reaching and grasping. We propose an account of affordances according to which the concept of affordances has a much broader application than has hitherto been supposed. We argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses. By virtue of our many abilities, the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
628 citations
[...]
TL;DR: Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding as discussed by the authors, which is a program of research in the learning sciences that I call "situative".
Abstract: This chapter discusses a program of research in the learning sciences that I call “situative.” The defining characteristic of a situative approach is that instead of focusing on individual learners, the main focus of analysis is on activity systems : complex social organizations containing learners, teachers, curriculum materials, software tools, and the physical environment. Over the decades, many psychologists have advocated a study of these larger systems (Dewey, 1896, 1929/1958; Lewin, 1935, 1946/1997; Mead, 1934; Vygotsky, 1987), although they remained outside the mainstream of psychology, which instead focused on individuals. Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding. Other terms for the perspective I refer to as situative include sociocultural psychology (Cole, 1996; Rogoff, 1995), activity theory (Engestrom, 1993; 1999), distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995a), and ecological psychology (Gibson, 1979; Reed, 1996). I use the term “situative” because I was introduced to the perspective by scholars who referred to their perspective as situated action (Suchman, 1985), situated cognition (Lave, 1988), or situated learning (Lave & Wenger, 1991). I prefer the term “situative,” a modifier of “perspective,” “analysis,” or “theory,” to “situated,” used to modify “action,” “cognition,” or “learning,” because the latter adjective invites a misconception: that some instances of action, cognition, or learning are situated and others are not. During the 1980s and 1990s these scholars and others provided analyses in which concepts of cognition and learning are relocated at the level of activity systems.
545 citations
TL;DR: This work argues that advances in digital technologies increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration.
Abstract: The increased digitization of organizational processes and products poses new challenges for understanding product innovation. It also opens new horizons for information systems research. We analyse how ongoing pervasive digitization of product innovation reshapes knowledge creation and sharing in innovation networks. We argue that advances in digital technologies 1 increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and 2 increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration. These developments, in turn, stretch existing innovation networks by redistributing control and increasing the demand for knowledge coordination across time and space presenting novel challenges for knowledge creation, assimilation and integration. Based on this foundation, we distinguish four types of emerging innovation networks supported by digitalization: 1 project innovation networks; 2 clan innovation networks; 3 federated innovation networks; and 4 anarchic innovation networks. Each network involves different cognitive and social translations - or ways of identifying, sharing and assimilating knowledge. We describe the role of five novel properties of digital infrastructures in supporting each type of innovation network: representational flexibility, semantic coherence, temporal and spatial traceability, knowledge brokering and linguistic calibration. We identify several implications for future innovation research. In particular, we focus on the emergence of anarchic network forms that follow full-fledged digital convergence founded on richer innovation ontologies and epistemologies calling to critically re-examine the nature and impact of modularization for innovation.
418 citations
TL;DR: A blind IQA model is proposed, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison and is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem.
Abstract: This paper investigates how to blindly evaluate the visual quality of an image by learning rules from linguistic descriptions. Extensive psychological evidence shows that humans prefer to conduct evaluations qualitatively rather than numerically. The qualitative evaluations are then converted into the numerical scores to fairly benchmark objective image quality assessment (IQA) metrics. Recently, lots of learning-based IQA models are proposed by analyzing the mapping from the images to numerical ratings. However, the learnt mapping can hardly be accurate enough because some information has been lost in such an irreversible conversion from the linguistic descriptions to numerical scores. In this paper, we propose a blind IQA model, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison. Images are represented by natural scene statistics features. A discriminative deep model is trained to classify the features into five grades, corresponding to five explicit mental concepts, i.e., excellent, good, fair, poor, and bad. A newly designed quality pooling is then applied to convert the qualitative labels into scores. The classification framework is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem. Thorough experiments are conducted on popular databases to verify the model’s effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness.
360 citations
TL;DR: The current state of the descriptive information-processing model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics are reviewed.
Abstract: About a decade ago, psychology of the arts started to gain momentum owing to a number of drives: technological progress improved the conditions under which art could be studied in the laboratory, neuroscience discovered the arts as an area of interest, and new theories offered a more comprehensive look at aesthetic experiences. Ten years ago, Leder, Belke, Oeberst, and Augustin (2004) proposed a descriptive information-processing model of the components that integrate an aesthetic episode. This theory offered explanations for modern art's large number of individualized styles, innovativeness, and for the diverse aesthetic experiences it can stimulate. In addition, it described how information is processed over the time course of an aesthetic episode, within and over perceptual, cognitive and emotional components. Here, we review the current state of the model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics.
329 citations