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Cognition In The Wild

01 Jan 2016-
TL;DR: The cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read and is available in the digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: Thank you very much for reading cognition in the wild. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite books like this cognition in the wild, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their laptop. cognition in the wild is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read.
Citations
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Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that economic experiments are performative, which means that experimenters, experimental subjects and experimental designs are entangled in one performative setting, following earlier analyses by Guala, Callon and others.
Abstract: The paper analyses the methodology of economic lab experiments on human behaviour in the light of Barad’s ‘agential realism’. Experimenters conventionally think that experiments identify properties that human individuals have, independent from the experimental setting (the ‘preferences’ or ‘values’, etc.), so that lab results generalize for the entire reference population (cultural groups, species, etc.) in the field. To the contrary, I argue that economic experiments are performative, which means that experimenters, experimental subjects and experimental designs are entangled in one performative setting, following earlier analyses by Guala, Callon and others. I discuss the performativity of experiments in considering the mandatory use of monetary incentives as an instance of ‘priming’ and ‘framing’ with money, as established in psychological experimental research. I take this analysis one substantial step further in demonstrating that this view corresponds to Barad’s reconstruction of Niels Bohr’s philosophical evaluation of experiments in quantum physics, which eschew the notion of an independent ‘object’ having stable properties in favour of an ontology of ‘phenomena’. I suggest that this view is congenial to the conventional economic theory of ‘revealed preferences’. Then, Bohr’s principle of complementarity can be shown to apply also for economic phenomena, in particular the duality of individual and social preferences, which I relate to Tuomela’s philosophical analysis of ‘I mode’ and ‘We mode’ in human action. In this view, it is meaningless to ask whether experiments can finally provide evidence on which kind of preferences human beings have in general (even for one single individual); economic experiments can identify certain performative mechanisms that generate a specific kind of preferences in a particular context.

3 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: The authors define entanglement as a way of understanding how human thought and action is shaped by a whole host of non-human factors that we tend to ignore in favour of focusing on the intent of individual subjects.
Abstract: This chapter starts by defining “entanglement” as a way of understanding how human thought and action is shaped by a whole host of non-human factors that we tend to ignore in favour of focusing on the intent of individual subjects. It goes on to show how works of ambient literature are similarly entangled, deriving their meaning from combinations of script, reader activity, objects, and environments, and then how place is also a product of actions and interactions, not neat boundaries. The aim is to explore how works of ambient literature produce their effects and the kinds of questions and possibilities that they raise with both their form and content.

3 citations

Book ChapterDOI
22 Jun 2014
TL;DR: This paper presents some ideas about how to enhance usability engineering in rural areas (i.e. for users in rural contexts) taking agile methods into account, and analyzes how usability engineering profits by using agile methods in this context.
Abstract: Usability engineering is all about developing usable products and/or services for a certain user group in a specific context. In this paper, we present some ideas about how to enhance usability engineering in rural areas (i.e. for users in rural contexts) taking agile methods into account. First, rural areas, rural users and rural products are illustrated. We elucidate the cultural, technological and social differences and the specifics of rural areas. Then, we look at the most important steps according to the standard user-centered design process defined in ISO 9241-210 in order to identify possible challenges and implications for usability engineering in rural areas. Finally, we analyze how usability engineering profits by using agile methods in this context.

3 citations

01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose un nouvel examen de cette difficulte a travers une contribution de type epistemologique, which constitue, selon nous, le cadre theorique de reference de nombreuses theories en IHM.
Abstract: Depuis ses origines, l'interaction homme-machine est traversee par une tension entre theorie des relations humains-systemes informatiques et pratique qui vise a concevoir de nouveaux systemes interactifs. Malheureusement l'IHM n'est pas encore parvenue a etablir un lien clair entre les deux. Dans cet article nous proposons un nouvel examen de cette difficulte a travers une contribution de type epistemologique. Nous revenons tout d'abord sur le paradigme computationnel qui constitue, selon nous, le cadre theorique de reference de nombreuses theories en IHM. Nous rappelons ensuite un certain nombre de critiques adressees a ce paradigme, en provenance de plusieurs champs disciplinaires, afin de mettre en lumiere ses limites et la necessite de son depassement. Enfin, nous proposons une nouvelle caracterisation de la science de l'IHM et nous esquissons les contours de ce qui pourrait en constituer un nouveau cadre structurant, a partir d'une ontologie fondee sur les processus.

3 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results showed that automated assistance helps users to correct errors spotted by the system and saves time, but also showed that flagging up possible errors may make users less effective in identifying and correcting errors that go unnoticed by thesystem.
Abstract: The present study was designed to ascertain how far flagging up potential errors can improve the automatic interpretation of technical documents. We used the resources model to analyze the supervised retro-conversion of architectural floor plans, from the perspective of distributed cognition. Results showed that automated assistance helps users to correct errors spotted by the system and also saves time. Surprisingly, they also showed that flagging up possible errors may make users less effective in identifying and correcting errors that go unnoticed by the system. Responses to a questionnaire probing the participants’ confidence in the system suggested that they were so trusting that they lowered their vigilance in those areas that had not been signaled by the system, leading to the identification of fewer errors there. Thus, while the participants’ confidence in the automated assistance system led to improved performances in those areas it highlighted, it also meant that areas to which the system did not draw attention were less thoroughly checked.

3 citations


Cites methods from "Cognition In The Wild"

  • ...The task performed by the participants in the experiment was therefore analyzed from the perspective of distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995), via the resources model....

    [...]

  • ...The task performed by the participants in the experiment was therefore analyzed from the perspective of distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995), via the resources model. This model focuses on the system composed of human–machine interactions, rather than solely on the user’s cognitive functioning. This system contains a number of informational resources that can be stored either in the user’s memory (user embedded) or in the machine or even a paper-based manual (device embedded). According to Wright et al. (1996), a variety...

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses and that the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
Abstract: How broad is the class of affordances we can perceive? Affordances (Gibson, 1979/1986) are possibilities for action provided to an animal by the environment—by the substances, surfaces, objects, and other living creatures that surround it. A widespread assumption has been that affordances primarily relate to motor action—to locomotion and manual behaviors such as reaching and grasping. We propose an account of affordances according to which the concept of affordances has a much broader application than has hitherto been supposed. We argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses. By virtue of our many abilities, the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.

628 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Nov 2014
TL;DR: Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding as discussed by the authors, which is a program of research in the learning sciences that I call "situative".
Abstract: This chapter discusses a program of research in the learning sciences that I call “situative.” The defining characteristic of a situative approach is that instead of focusing on individual learners, the main focus of analysis is on activity systems : complex social organizations containing learners, teachers, curriculum materials, software tools, and the physical environment. Over the decades, many psychologists have advocated a study of these larger systems (Dewey, 1896, 1929/1958; Lewin, 1935, 1946/1997; Mead, 1934; Vygotsky, 1987), although they remained outside the mainstream of psychology, which instead focused on individuals. Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding. Other terms for the perspective I refer to as situative include sociocultural psychology (Cole, 1996; Rogoff, 1995), activity theory (Engestrom, 1993; 1999), distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995a), and ecological psychology (Gibson, 1979; Reed, 1996). I use the term “situative” because I was introduced to the perspective by scholars who referred to their perspective as situated action (Suchman, 1985), situated cognition (Lave, 1988), or situated learning (Lave & Wenger, 1991). I prefer the term “situative,” a modifier of “perspective,” “analysis,” or “theory,” to “situated,” used to modify “action,” “cognition,” or “learning,” because the latter adjective invites a misconception: that some instances of action, cognition, or learning are situated and others are not. During the 1980s and 1990s these scholars and others provided analyses in which concepts of cognition and learning are relocated at the level of activity systems.

545 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work argues that advances in digital technologies increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration.
Abstract: The increased digitization of organizational processes and products poses new challenges for understanding product innovation. It also opens new horizons for information systems research. We analyse how ongoing pervasive digitization of product innovation reshapes knowledge creation and sharing in innovation networks. We argue that advances in digital technologies 1 increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and 2 increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration. These developments, in turn, stretch existing innovation networks by redistributing control and increasing the demand for knowledge coordination across time and space presenting novel challenges for knowledge creation, assimilation and integration. Based on this foundation, we distinguish four types of emerging innovation networks supported by digitalization: 1 project innovation networks; 2 clan innovation networks; 3 federated innovation networks; and 4 anarchic innovation networks. Each network involves different cognitive and social translations - or ways of identifying, sharing and assimilating knowledge. We describe the role of five novel properties of digital infrastructures in supporting each type of innovation network: representational flexibility, semantic coherence, temporal and spatial traceability, knowledge brokering and linguistic calibration. We identify several implications for future innovation research. In particular, we focus on the emergence of anarchic network forms that follow full-fledged digital convergence founded on richer innovation ontologies and epistemologies calling to critically re-examine the nature and impact of modularization for innovation.

418 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A blind IQA model is proposed, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison and is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem.
Abstract: This paper investigates how to blindly evaluate the visual quality of an image by learning rules from linguistic descriptions. Extensive psychological evidence shows that humans prefer to conduct evaluations qualitatively rather than numerically. The qualitative evaluations are then converted into the numerical scores to fairly benchmark objective image quality assessment (IQA) metrics. Recently, lots of learning-based IQA models are proposed by analyzing the mapping from the images to numerical ratings. However, the learnt mapping can hardly be accurate enough because some information has been lost in such an irreversible conversion from the linguistic descriptions to numerical scores. In this paper, we propose a blind IQA model, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison. Images are represented by natural scene statistics features. A discriminative deep model is trained to classify the features into five grades, corresponding to five explicit mental concepts, i.e., excellent, good, fair, poor, and bad. A newly designed quality pooling is then applied to convert the qualitative labels into scores. The classification framework is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem. Thorough experiments are conducted on popular databases to verify the model’s effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness.

360 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current state of the descriptive information-processing model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics are reviewed.
Abstract: About a decade ago, psychology of the arts started to gain momentum owing to a number of drives: technological progress improved the conditions under which art could be studied in the laboratory, neuroscience discovered the arts as an area of interest, and new theories offered a more comprehensive look at aesthetic experiences. Ten years ago, Leder, Belke, Oeberst, and Augustin (2004) proposed a descriptive information-processing model of the components that integrate an aesthetic episode. This theory offered explanations for modern art's large number of individualized styles, innovativeness, and for the diverse aesthetic experiences it can stimulate. In addition, it described how information is processed over the time course of an aesthetic episode, within and over perceptual, cognitive and emotional components. Here, we review the current state of the model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics.

329 citations