Cognition In The Wild
01 Jan 2016-
TL;DR: The cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read and is available in the digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: Thank you very much for reading cognition in the wild. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite books like this cognition in the wild, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their laptop. cognition in the wild is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read.
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11 Mar 2014
TL;DR: The Evo–Eco approach, based on the inference that brains evolved to provide adaptive behavioural responses to rapidly changing or complex environmental conditions, is introduced and deserves to be used by public health workers and others to change behaviour.
Abstract: We introduce a new approach to behaviour change called ‘Evo–Eco’ because of its intellectual roots in evolutionary biology and ecological psychology. This approach is based on the inference that brains evolved to provide adaptive behavioural responses to rapidly changing or complex environmental conditions. From this foundation, we develop a model with three basic components: the environment, which presents some challenge or opportunity to the individual; the brain, which produces potential responses to that challenge; and the body, which engages in interactions with the environment (i.e. produces behaviour) that changes that environment. The behaviours of interest to behaviour-change professionals typically occur in particular settings, which can be seen as a context within which these basic components interact. We report how the approach has been used to develop public health programmes, as well as to make novel predictions about behavioural causes (i.e. placement of new target behaviours within a routine) which have proved to impact on the ability to change a behaviour. The Evo–Eco approach thus deserves to be used by public health workers and others to change behaviour.
37 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...(Barker, 1968; Barrett, 2011; Clark, 1997; Gibson, 1979; Hutchins, 1995) That is, factors other than cognition are considered active and present in the moment of behaviour, having independent causal influence on activity....
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TL;DR: A cognitively plausible formal model of collective interpretation that represents how members of a collective interact to interpret their environment and offers a flexible platform that future work can use to explore collective interpretation in a variety of organizational and supraorganizational contexts.
Abstract: We propose a cognitively plausible formal model of collective interpretation. The model represents how members of a collective interact to interpret their environment. Current theories of collective interpretation focus on how heedful communication among members of a collective i.e., how much individuals pay attention to others' interpretations improves interpretive performance; their general assumption is that heed tends to be uniformly beneficial. By unpacking the micromechanisms that underlie such performance, our model reveals a more complex story. Heedfulness can benefit interpretive performance. It can help collectives properly interpret situations that are especially ambiguous, unknown, or novel. Conversely, heedfulness also generates conformity pressures that induce agents to give too much weight to others' interpretations, even if erroneous, thereby potentially degrading interpretive performance. These two effects join into a nonmonotonic trajectory that represents how heed relates to interpretive performance: due to its beneficial properties, performance increases with heed until it peaks before degrading due to conformity pressures. The form of this nonmonotonic relationship is contingent on the nature of the task: ambiguous situations make collectives vulnerable to too much heed: ambiguity ignites conformism; novel situations make collectives dependent on heed: novelty requires multiple eyes to be seen. In addition to these results, our model offers a flexible platform that future work can use to explore collective interpretation in a variety of organizational and supraorganizational contexts.
37 citations
Cites background or methods from "Cognition In The Wild"
...The first setting is one in which the information upon which interpretation is based is noisy, in that it is corrupted and potentially misleading (Hutchins 1995)....
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...We model communication through the architecture introduced by Hutchins (1995) and further developed by Marchiori and Warglien (2005)....
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...Neural networks also naturally lend themselves to representing the relational component of interpretation, as the analytical intuitions of the connectionist school suggest (see especially Hutchins 1995)....
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...…routine operation in navigation or flight operations (e.g., a crisis), collectives have been found to properly recognize the new situation even when the available information is misleading or unreliable (Weick 1990, Hutchins 1995); or when critical pieces of information are missing (Weick 1990)....
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TL;DR: This article summarises several findings in ubiquitous music research, pointing to new theoretical frameworks that tackle the volatile and distributed creativity factors involved in musical activities that take place outside of traditional venues, involving the audience as an active creative partner.
Abstract: Instrumentally oriented and individualistic approaches dominate the current perspectives on musical interaction and technologically oriented composition. A view that focuses on the broad aspects of creativity support is proposed as a viable theoretical and methodological alternative: ubiquitous music practice. This article summarises several findings in ubiquitous music research, pointing to new theoretical frameworks that tackle the volatile and distributed creativity factors involved in musical activities that take place outside of traditional venues, involving the audience as an active creative partner. A new definition of ubiquitous music is proposed encompassing four components related to the human and the material resources, the emergent properties of musical activities and the design strategies involved in supporting distributed decision making. We highlight the application of embedded-embodied cognition in creative practice, arguing for the adoption of an ecologically grounded framework as an alternative to the mainstream anthropocentric and disembodied acoustic-instrumental paradigms. We discuss the relevance of the new materialist concepts of ecologies and meshworks within artistic creative practice, highlighting the implications of the emergent creativity support methods for context-based composition.
37 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...The eco-compositional perspective rests on the empirical evidence provided by embedded-embodied cognition (Gibson 1979; Varela 1992; Hutchins 1995, 2010)....
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13 Sep 2014
TL;DR: The 4C framework provides new insights over existing frameworks and theory by focusing specifically on explaining the interactions taking place within digital ecosystems.
Abstract: Recent years have seen an increased research interest in multi-device interactions and digital ecosystems This research addresses new opportunities and challenges when users are not simply interacting with one system or device at a time, but orchestrate ensembles of them as a larger whole One of these challenges is to understand what principles of interaction work well for what, and to create such knowledge in a form that can inform design Our contribution to this research is a framework of interaction principles for digital ecosystems, which can be used to analyze and understand existing systems and design new ones The 4C framework provides new insights over existing frameworks and theory by focusing specifically on explaining the interactions taking place within digital ecosystems We demonstrate this value through two examples of the framework in use, firstly for understanding an existing digital ecosystem, and secondly for generating ideas and discussion when designing a new one
37 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...[29]), Hutchins [13] takes an ecological approach to how people process and interact with information and artifacts in the world, emphasizing the social as well as situated aspects of cognition, and putting groups of people in the center....
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...This allows us to describe and understand, theoretically, different holistic aspects of ubicomp systems involving multiple users, devices and activities, such as the complementing properties of different artifacts for a group of friends finding their way using several map artifacts [6], the mediating role of shared work activities amongst collaborating roaming nurses in a hospital [3], or the joint sense-making and interaction taking place in the operation of a complex control system [13]....
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...[13] introduces “personal ecologies” of artifacts as a way to understand a set of digital artifacts and how they interconnect with a user....
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...From the related theoretical perspective of Distributed Cognition, which like Activity Theory has its roots in Vygotsky’s cultural-historical psychology (cf. [29]), Hutchins [13] takes an ecological approach to how people process and interact with information and artifacts in the world, emphasizing the social as well as situated aspects of cognition, and putting groups of people in the center....
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...We have become users of networks of artifacts rather than of individual ones [13] and we share and connect to each other’s digital artifacts in different ways than we did just ten years ago [15]....
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References
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TL;DR: The authors argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses and that the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
Abstract: How broad is the class of affordances we can perceive? Affordances (Gibson, 1979/1986) are possibilities for action provided to an animal by the environment—by the substances, surfaces, objects, and other living creatures that surround it. A widespread assumption has been that affordances primarily relate to motor action—to locomotion and manual behaviors such as reaching and grasping. We propose an account of affordances according to which the concept of affordances has a much broader application than has hitherto been supposed. We argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses. By virtue of our many abilities, the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
628 citations
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TL;DR: Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding as discussed by the authors, which is a program of research in the learning sciences that I call "situative".
Abstract: This chapter discusses a program of research in the learning sciences that I call “situative.” The defining characteristic of a situative approach is that instead of focusing on individual learners, the main focus of analysis is on activity systems : complex social organizations containing learners, teachers, curriculum materials, software tools, and the physical environment. Over the decades, many psychologists have advocated a study of these larger systems (Dewey, 1896, 1929/1958; Lewin, 1935, 1946/1997; Mead, 1934; Vygotsky, 1987), although they remained outside the mainstream of psychology, which instead focused on individuals. Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding. Other terms for the perspective I refer to as situative include sociocultural psychology (Cole, 1996; Rogoff, 1995), activity theory (Engestrom, 1993; 1999), distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995a), and ecological psychology (Gibson, 1979; Reed, 1996). I use the term “situative” because I was introduced to the perspective by scholars who referred to their perspective as situated action (Suchman, 1985), situated cognition (Lave, 1988), or situated learning (Lave & Wenger, 1991). I prefer the term “situative,” a modifier of “perspective,” “analysis,” or “theory,” to “situated,” used to modify “action,” “cognition,” or “learning,” because the latter adjective invites a misconception: that some instances of action, cognition, or learning are situated and others are not. During the 1980s and 1990s these scholars and others provided analyses in which concepts of cognition and learning are relocated at the level of activity systems.
545 citations
TL;DR: This work argues that advances in digital technologies increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration.
Abstract: The increased digitization of organizational processes and products poses new challenges for understanding product innovation. It also opens new horizons for information systems research. We analyse how ongoing pervasive digitization of product innovation reshapes knowledge creation and sharing in innovation networks. We argue that advances in digital technologies 1 increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and 2 increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration. These developments, in turn, stretch existing innovation networks by redistributing control and increasing the demand for knowledge coordination across time and space presenting novel challenges for knowledge creation, assimilation and integration. Based on this foundation, we distinguish four types of emerging innovation networks supported by digitalization: 1 project innovation networks; 2 clan innovation networks; 3 federated innovation networks; and 4 anarchic innovation networks. Each network involves different cognitive and social translations - or ways of identifying, sharing and assimilating knowledge. We describe the role of five novel properties of digital infrastructures in supporting each type of innovation network: representational flexibility, semantic coherence, temporal and spatial traceability, knowledge brokering and linguistic calibration. We identify several implications for future innovation research. In particular, we focus on the emergence of anarchic network forms that follow full-fledged digital convergence founded on richer innovation ontologies and epistemologies calling to critically re-examine the nature and impact of modularization for innovation.
418 citations
TL;DR: A blind IQA model is proposed, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison and is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem.
Abstract: This paper investigates how to blindly evaluate the visual quality of an image by learning rules from linguistic descriptions. Extensive psychological evidence shows that humans prefer to conduct evaluations qualitatively rather than numerically. The qualitative evaluations are then converted into the numerical scores to fairly benchmark objective image quality assessment (IQA) metrics. Recently, lots of learning-based IQA models are proposed by analyzing the mapping from the images to numerical ratings. However, the learnt mapping can hardly be accurate enough because some information has been lost in such an irreversible conversion from the linguistic descriptions to numerical scores. In this paper, we propose a blind IQA model, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison. Images are represented by natural scene statistics features. A discriminative deep model is trained to classify the features into five grades, corresponding to five explicit mental concepts, i.e., excellent, good, fair, poor, and bad. A newly designed quality pooling is then applied to convert the qualitative labels into scores. The classification framework is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem. Thorough experiments are conducted on popular databases to verify the model’s effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness.
360 citations
TL;DR: The current state of the descriptive information-processing model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics are reviewed.
Abstract: About a decade ago, psychology of the arts started to gain momentum owing to a number of drives: technological progress improved the conditions under which art could be studied in the laboratory, neuroscience discovered the arts as an area of interest, and new theories offered a more comprehensive look at aesthetic experiences. Ten years ago, Leder, Belke, Oeberst, and Augustin (2004) proposed a descriptive information-processing model of the components that integrate an aesthetic episode. This theory offered explanations for modern art's large number of individualized styles, innovativeness, and for the diverse aesthetic experiences it can stimulate. In addition, it described how information is processed over the time course of an aesthetic episode, within and over perceptual, cognitive and emotional components. Here, we review the current state of the model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics.
329 citations