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Cognition In The Wild

01 Jan 2016-
TL;DR: The cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read and is available in the digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: Thank you very much for reading cognition in the wild. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite books like this cognition in the wild, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their laptop. cognition in the wild is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
31 May 2019
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the experimental literature bearing on these points and suggest that majority opinion should be followed more when (a) the relative and absolute size of the majority grows, (b) the members of majority are competent, and (c) benevolent, (d) the majority opinion conflicts less with our prior beliefs and (e) the individuals who formed their opinions independently.
Abstract: Mathematical models and simulations demonstrate the power of majority rules, i.e. following an opinion shared by a majority of group members. Majority opinion should be followed more when (a) the relative and absolute size of the majority grow, the members of the majority are (b) competent, and (c) benevolent, (d) the majority opinion conflicts less with our prior beliefs and (e) the members of the majority formed their opinions independently. We review the experimental literature bearing on these points. The few experiments bearing on (b) and (c) suggest that both factors are adequately taken into account. Many experiments show that (d) is also followed, with participants usually putting too much weight on their own opinion relative to that of the majority. Regarding factors (a) and (e), in contrast, the evidence is mixed: participants sometimes take into account optimally the absolute and relative size of the majority, as well as the presence of informational dependencies. In other circumstances, these factors are ignored. We suggest that an evolutionary framework can help make sense of these conflicting results by distinguishing between evolutionarily valid cues – that are readily taken into account – and non-evolutionarily valid cues – that are ignored by default.

30 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Anthropology has an ambivalent relationship with its core disciplinary concept: culture as discussed by the authors, and beyond the vague but important notion that culture is shared and learned, there is little agreement a...
Abstract: Anthropology has an ambivalent relationship with its core disciplinary concept: culture. Beyond the rather vague but important notion that culture is shared and learned, there is little agreement a...

30 citations


Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"

  • ...…attributes (Abu Lughod 1991; Brumann 1999; Friedman 1994).10 Culture as constituted of cultural models adapted to microcontext necessarily directs the theoretical lens toward intersubjectively constructed cultural processes occurring over time and situated in microcontexts (Hutchins 1995, 2001)....

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  • ...He does this, it seems, on purpose, to highlight his main point—that making meaning requires attention to the person in the flesh, where ultimately both culture and actions happen (see also Hutchins 1995)....

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Dissertation
14 Nov 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the parti de nous focaliser sur une entree empirique relativement peu abordee en marketing : les courses. But, in particular, they focus on le pratiques de magasinage.
Abstract: Desormais partie integrante de notre quotidien, le numerique figure au cœur d’un nombre croissant d'activites. Les pratiques de magasinage n’echappent pas a la regle. Si les recherches en marketing qui explorent ce phenomene sont nombreuses, notre examen de la litterature met en evidence deux ecueils recurrents : d’un cote, une tendance a morceler le numerique en mettant l’emphase sur une technologie specifique et, de l’autre, une mise en retrait de la facon dont les individus se saisissent de ces ressources et les integrent a leurs habitudes d’achat. Dans ce contexte, nous nous appuyons sur la sociologie des usages et, plus particulierement, sur le concept de numerimorphose, pour donner du corps a l’usage des ressources digitales et apprecier les transformations engendrees par leur integration plus ou moins durable aux pratiques de magasinage. Compte tenu de la diversite des pratiques d’achat, nous prenons le parti de nous focaliser sur une entree empirique relativement peu abordee en marketing : les courses. Afin de nous positionner au plus pres des individus lorsqu’ils assurent l’approvisionnement de leur foyer et rendre compte de leurs comportements effectifs, nous optons pour une methodologie qualitative. Notre analyse aboutit a la mise en evidence d’un cadre analytique pour apprecier la numerimorphose des courses qui se decline sur trois axes : (1) le cadre communautaire qui aborde les courses en tant que pratique collective ; (2) le cadre spatiotemporel qui aborde les courses en tant que pratique situee ; (3) le cadre marchand qui aborde les courses a partir de la relation entre l’offre et la demande.

30 citations


Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"

  • ...La théorie de la cognition distribuée Perspective développée par Hutchins (1995), la théorie de la cognition distribuée s'articule autour de l'idée selon laquelle l'étude de la cognition ne peut être abordée sans prendre en considération les dispositifs sur lesquels s'appuient les individus au…...

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  • ...A l'instar de la théorie de l'action située, la perspective développée par la cognition distribuée défend l'idée selon laquelle l'action individuelle ne peut être abordée en faisant abstraction de l'environnement dans lequel elle prend place (Hutchins, 1995)....

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  • ...l'environnement dans lequel elle prend place (Hutchins, 1995)....

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  • ...Pour illustrer son propos, Hutchins (1995) propose d'opérer un examen in situ de la cognition humaine....

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  • ...Dans le même ordre d‟idée, le dispositif technique s'affirme comme une ressource pour l'action, comme l'un des nombreux éléments agencés par l'individu pour parvenir à ses fins (Hutchins, 1995)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The notion of “spatio-contextual embedding,” which conceptualizes installation designs that augment real objects and environments while keeping these primary focuses of attention while retaining a focus on original objects or environments, is presented.
Abstract: Based on case studies from a heritage/museum context, I present and illustrate the notion of “spatio-contextual embedding,” which conceptualizes installation designs that augment real objects and environments while keeping these primary focuses of attention. Key for this “embeddedness” is that interaction is contextualized within a meaningful setting, creating relationships between system and environment. While retaining a focus on original objects or environments, it supports user's active engagement and sense making by inviting, enticing, or forcing them to draw connections. At the heart of this is “indexing”: mindful acts of referencing back-and-forth between here and there, connecting objects or representations. Analysis of case studies provides a repertoire of examples of “indexing,” and examples for high- and low-tech installation designs that foster drawing of connections.Two core values for design underpin the argument: (1) primacy of real objects and environments and (2) supporting human agency. The case examples highlight how technological arrangements may support or hinder indexing activity. This is condensed into potential design strategies. This article contributes to design knowledge on design for human agency, sense making, and mindful engagement with our environment. “Indexing” is relevant beyond the heritage setting domain, as part of HCI design in support of human agency.

30 citations


Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"

  • ...This analysis is inspired by perspectives on “indexing” practices from Ethnography and Distributed Cognition....

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  • ...…on (social) coordination practices [Heath and Luff ’ 2000] that highlight the role of gesture for coordination and shared action, and by distributed cognition and embodied cognition that highlight the role of the body and the environment for cognition [Capuccio et al. 2013; Hutchins 1995].2 2.1.1....

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  • ...Moreover, some insights into design rationales and development process of all installations could be gained from discussions with either the company that had developed these or curators that had been involved in this process....

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  • ...This linguistic-communicative understanding is extended to include the notion of “indexing for yourself,” inspired by ideas from Distributed Cognition [Hutchins 1995; Kirsh 1995a, 1995b, 2010], which highlight how, for example, pointing can serve as a memory aid for individual cognition, using the external environment as a resource to aid cognition....

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  • ...The analysis in this article is inspired by perspectives on “indexing” practices from Ethnography, Communication Studies, and Distributed Cognition, the former focusing on the analysis of human coordination practices, where deixis and indexical expression support implicit communication, and the latter contributing the notion of “indexing for yourself,” such as pointing as a memory aid for individual cognition....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The definitions of common and privileged ground are analyzed and a conceptual extension that may facilitate a theoretical account of agents that coordinate via linguistic communication is proposed that is applied to one of the recurrent issues in psycholinguistic research, namely the problem of perspective-taking in dialog, and to the broader problem of audience design.
Abstract: Common ground is most often understood as the sum of mutually known beliefs, knowledge, and suppositions among the participants in a conversation. It explains why participants do not mention things that should be obvious to both. In some accounts of communication, reaching a mutual understanding, i.e., broadening the common ground, is posed as the ultimate goal of linguistic interactions. Yet, congruent with the more pragmatic views of linguistic behavior, in which language is treated as social coordination, understanding each other is not the purpose (or not the sole purpose) of linguistic interactions. This purpose is seen as at least twofold (e.g., Fusaroli et al., 2014): to maintain the systemic character of a conversing dyad and to organize it into a functional synergy in the face of tasks posed for a dyadic system as a whole. It seems that the notion of common ground is not sufficient to address the latter character of interaction. In situated communication, in which meaning is created in a distributed way in the very process of interaction, both common (sameness) and privileged (diversity) information must be pooled task-dependently across participants. In this paper, we analyze the definitions of common and privileged ground and propose a conceptual extension that may facilitate a theoretical account of agents that coordinate via linguistic communication. To illustrate the usefulness of this augmented framework, we apply it to one of the recurrent issues in psycholinguistic research, namely the problem of perspective-taking in dialog, and draw conclusions for the broader problem of audience design.

30 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...1Such a view of the role of language in situated cognition is congruent with Hutchins (1995) distributed cognition approach, where the focus is the ability of individuals In a recently proposed model of dialog as interpersonal synergy (Fusaroli et al., 2014), this systemic and functional character…...

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References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses and that the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
Abstract: How broad is the class of affordances we can perceive? Affordances (Gibson, 1979/1986) are possibilities for action provided to an animal by the environment—by the substances, surfaces, objects, and other living creatures that surround it. A widespread assumption has been that affordances primarily relate to motor action—to locomotion and manual behaviors such as reaching and grasping. We propose an account of affordances according to which the concept of affordances has a much broader application than has hitherto been supposed. We argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses. By virtue of our many abilities, the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.

628 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Nov 2014
TL;DR: Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding as discussed by the authors, which is a program of research in the learning sciences that I call "situative".
Abstract: This chapter discusses a program of research in the learning sciences that I call “situative.” The defining characteristic of a situative approach is that instead of focusing on individual learners, the main focus of analysis is on activity systems : complex social organizations containing learners, teachers, curriculum materials, software tools, and the physical environment. Over the decades, many psychologists have advocated a study of these larger systems (Dewey, 1896, 1929/1958; Lewin, 1935, 1946/1997; Mead, 1934; Vygotsky, 1987), although they remained outside the mainstream of psychology, which instead focused on individuals. Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding. Other terms for the perspective I refer to as situative include sociocultural psychology (Cole, 1996; Rogoff, 1995), activity theory (Engestrom, 1993; 1999), distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995a), and ecological psychology (Gibson, 1979; Reed, 1996). I use the term “situative” because I was introduced to the perspective by scholars who referred to their perspective as situated action (Suchman, 1985), situated cognition (Lave, 1988), or situated learning (Lave & Wenger, 1991). I prefer the term “situative,” a modifier of “perspective,” “analysis,” or “theory,” to “situated,” used to modify “action,” “cognition,” or “learning,” because the latter adjective invites a misconception: that some instances of action, cognition, or learning are situated and others are not. During the 1980s and 1990s these scholars and others provided analyses in which concepts of cognition and learning are relocated at the level of activity systems.

545 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work argues that advances in digital technologies increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration.
Abstract: The increased digitization of organizational processes and products poses new challenges for understanding product innovation. It also opens new horizons for information systems research. We analyse how ongoing pervasive digitization of product innovation reshapes knowledge creation and sharing in innovation networks. We argue that advances in digital technologies 1 increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and 2 increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration. These developments, in turn, stretch existing innovation networks by redistributing control and increasing the demand for knowledge coordination across time and space presenting novel challenges for knowledge creation, assimilation and integration. Based on this foundation, we distinguish four types of emerging innovation networks supported by digitalization: 1 project innovation networks; 2 clan innovation networks; 3 federated innovation networks; and 4 anarchic innovation networks. Each network involves different cognitive and social translations - or ways of identifying, sharing and assimilating knowledge. We describe the role of five novel properties of digital infrastructures in supporting each type of innovation network: representational flexibility, semantic coherence, temporal and spatial traceability, knowledge brokering and linguistic calibration. We identify several implications for future innovation research. In particular, we focus on the emergence of anarchic network forms that follow full-fledged digital convergence founded on richer innovation ontologies and epistemologies calling to critically re-examine the nature and impact of modularization for innovation.

418 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A blind IQA model is proposed, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison and is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem.
Abstract: This paper investigates how to blindly evaluate the visual quality of an image by learning rules from linguistic descriptions. Extensive psychological evidence shows that humans prefer to conduct evaluations qualitatively rather than numerically. The qualitative evaluations are then converted into the numerical scores to fairly benchmark objective image quality assessment (IQA) metrics. Recently, lots of learning-based IQA models are proposed by analyzing the mapping from the images to numerical ratings. However, the learnt mapping can hardly be accurate enough because some information has been lost in such an irreversible conversion from the linguistic descriptions to numerical scores. In this paper, we propose a blind IQA model, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison. Images are represented by natural scene statistics features. A discriminative deep model is trained to classify the features into five grades, corresponding to five explicit mental concepts, i.e., excellent, good, fair, poor, and bad. A newly designed quality pooling is then applied to convert the qualitative labels into scores. The classification framework is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem. Thorough experiments are conducted on popular databases to verify the model’s effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness.

360 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current state of the descriptive information-processing model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics are reviewed.
Abstract: About a decade ago, psychology of the arts started to gain momentum owing to a number of drives: technological progress improved the conditions under which art could be studied in the laboratory, neuroscience discovered the arts as an area of interest, and new theories offered a more comprehensive look at aesthetic experiences. Ten years ago, Leder, Belke, Oeberst, and Augustin (2004) proposed a descriptive information-processing model of the components that integrate an aesthetic episode. This theory offered explanations for modern art's large number of individualized styles, innovativeness, and for the diverse aesthetic experiences it can stimulate. In addition, it described how information is processed over the time course of an aesthetic episode, within and over perceptual, cognitive and emotional components. Here, we review the current state of the model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics.

329 citations