Cognition In The Wild
01 Jan 2016-
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Abstract: Thank you very much for reading cognition in the wild. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite books like this cognition in the wild, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their laptop. cognition in the wild is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read.
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TL;DR: The overlap between the cognitive and social sciences has significantly increased in recent decades as mentioned in this paper, and cognitive social scientists have provided arguments to convince all social scientists about the benefits of integrating the social sciences with the cognitive sciences.
Abstract: The overlap between the cognitive and social sciences has significantly increased in recent decades. New disciplines and research programs have arisen and expanded at the intersection of these two types of sciences. They include cognitive sociology, political psychology, behavioral economics and new research programs in cognitive anthropology. However, not all social scientists have been persuaded that the social sciences should be integrated with the cognitive sciences. Some of them are indifferent to these new integrative disciplines and research programs, assuming that they are not relevant to their research practices. Other social scientists consider them as overly reductionist and, thereby, as a threat to the identity of their disciplines. As a response, cognitive social scientists have provided arguments to convince all social scientists about the benefits of integrating the social sciences with the cognitive sciences. In this article, we analyze and evaluate these arguments for the cognitive social sciences.
15 citations
Cites background or methods from "Cognition In The Wild"
...Not even all cognitive social scientists would accept it, since some of them count interpretive (or qualitative) methods as scientific methods in addition to experimental, statistical and simulation methods (see Hutchins, 1995; Zerubavel, 1997; Bloch, 2012)....
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...…perspectives on human cognition that focus on the embodied, embedded, enactive, materially extended, situated, socially distributed and cultural-historical aspects of cognitive processes (e.g. Hutchins, 1995; Clark, 1997; Franks, 2011; Lizardo et al., 2019; Milkowski et al., 2018; Turner, 2018)....
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...…with the methods of cognitive sciences, since, as Bloch (2012) rightly argues, ethnographic methods can be used to produce such data about social and cultural phenomena that is impossible to obtain by using the experimental and simulation methods of cognitive scientists (see also Hutchins, 1995)....
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01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, a voyage plan coordination system where a Ship Traffic Coordination Centre (STCC) handles a specific area, eg the Baltic Sea, was developed and tested in a full mission bridge simulator environment for some simple scenarios.
Abstract: EU has promised to reduce emissions by 80 % by 2050 For the shipping industry “slow steaming” for just-in-time arrival promises reductions of emissions But a rapid increase in the construction of offshore wind farms planned in the North Sea may lead to ships facing a very complex and safety critical traffic environment in the future Both of these issues bring ship traffic management to attention In the Baltic Sea, the EU project MONALISA has been looking at a voyage plan coordination system where a Ship Traffic Coordination Centre (STCC) handles a specific area, eg the Baltic Sea A prototype system was developed and tested in a full mission bridge simulator environment for some simple scenarios Qualitative data was collected; the main aim was to test mariners’ acceptance of such a system The participants were in general positive to the tested system; younger somewhat more than older Some concern was expressed over risks of de-skilling and a common concern was the importance of that the final control of the vessel should rest with the captain onboard
15 citations
Cites methods from "Cognition In The Wild"
...The nautical chart is here used as a cognitive tool in a process of distributed cognition, investigated by Edwin Hutchins (1995)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a video-based field study of an intergenerational family's enactment of a mathematical object (a torus) in the context of an immersive mathematics exhibition is presented.
Abstract: In this article, we report on a video-based field study of an intergenerational family’s enactment of a mathematical object (a torus) in the context of an immersive mathematics exhibition in a scie...
15 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...It is a deliberately distributed view, but whereas Hutchins (1995) discussed the culturally organized transformation of representations and their propagation through a material system, we examine how emergent mathematical meanings are contingently produced, assembled, and expressed as individuals…...
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TL;DR: The analysis of FracFocus, a self-regulatory initiative charged with disclosing data pertaining to the chemicals used in oil and gas wells completed using hydraulic fracturing technology, suggests that the public’s experience of such a device is one of opaque transparency, in which the line between official and non-official regulation is blurred.
Abstract: How do the material aspects of intermediary work affect regulators, targets, and beneficiaries? To shed light on this question, we studied an information intermediary in the form of a website and the organizations who founded it. Specifically, we analyzed FracFocus, a self-regulatory initiative with strong industry ties, charged with disclosing data pertaining to the chemicals used in oil and gas wells completed using hydraulic fracturing technology (fracking) in the United States and Canada. We found that between 2010 and mid-2017, in states and provinces where fracking actively occurred the vast majority of legislation was updated to mandate or encourage disclosure via FracFocus, meaning that it had a considerable effect on the trajectory of official regulation on fracking disclosure. We also found that FracFocus disclosed important data but did so in a manner that limited accessibility and reduced the comprehensibility of environmental and public health risks to beneficiaries. Our analysis suggests that the public’s experience of such a device is one of opaque transparency, in which the line between official and non-official regulation is blurred. We traced these outcomes to the material affordances created by FracFocus.
15 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...the material affordances (Gond and Nyberg 2017; Hutchins 1995) created by FracFocus vis-à-vis each of the other constituents contributed to this outcome....
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...In the section below, we elaborate on how the material affordances (Gond and Nyberg 2017; Hutchins 1995) created by FracFocus vis-à-vis each of the other constituents contributed to this outcome....
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21 Nov 2016
TL;DR: It is an ethical imperative to be conscious of the words the authors use to describe people and places, not only as HCI research expands its empirical focus to real world settings, but equally importantly to support HCIResearch beyond its traditional centres in Europe or America.
Abstract: HCI is a field of study that is no longer confined to European or North American usability labs. HCI is practiced all over the world, and within Euro-American contexts, HCI research is also increasingly turning its attention to real world settings, outside of the controlled environments of the usability lab. One increasingly popular approach to designing and evaluating new technologies in real-world settings is called 'in the wild' research. We find this terminology uncomfortable from an African perspective as it evokes negative connotations of the contexts in which we study and the people we study with. Our intention is not to discredit this approach but rather to start a conversation around the terminologies we use to describe our research approaches and contexts. We consider it an ethical imperative to be conscious of the words we use to describe people and places, not only as HCI research expands its empirical focus to real world settings, but equally importantly to support HCI research beyond its traditional centres in Europe or America.
15 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...The Wild has baggage Of course Africa, just like any other continent, has wild places and wild animals....
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...After publication of Cognition in the Wild in 1995, mainstream HCI research responded to this call by incorporating distributed cognition theory and approaches to studying cognitive phenomena in-situ to, for instance, provide a “detailed articulation of a cognitive system” that could then provide a basis “from which to generate design solutions” [22](pp. 42)....
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...Hutchins is aware that the term wild in the title of his book might be read as similar to the ‘pensée sauvage’ (savage mind) à la Lévi-Strauss [13](pp. xiv)....
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...‘Cognition in’ captions the map, and ‘the Wild’ captions the rough seas....
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...Despite Hutchins intentions, the deeper issue is that in everyday Euro-American contexts the quirkiness or catchiness of the term depends on the sense of adventure the researcher embarks on when visiting wild places much like Lévi-Strauss did....
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References
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TL;DR: The authors argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses and that the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
Abstract: How broad is the class of affordances we can perceive? Affordances (Gibson, 1979/1986) are possibilities for action provided to an animal by the environment—by the substances, surfaces, objects, and other living creatures that surround it. A widespread assumption has been that affordances primarily relate to motor action—to locomotion and manual behaviors such as reaching and grasping. We propose an account of affordances according to which the concept of affordances has a much broader application than has hitherto been supposed. We argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses. By virtue of our many abilities, the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
628 citations
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TL;DR: Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding as discussed by the authors, which is a program of research in the learning sciences that I call "situative".
Abstract: This chapter discusses a program of research in the learning sciences that I call “situative.” The defining characteristic of a situative approach is that instead of focusing on individual learners, the main focus of analysis is on activity systems : complex social organizations containing learners, teachers, curriculum materials, software tools, and the physical environment. Over the decades, many psychologists have advocated a study of these larger systems (Dewey, 1896, 1929/1958; Lewin, 1935, 1946/1997; Mead, 1934; Vygotsky, 1987), although they remained outside the mainstream of psychology, which instead focused on individuals. Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding. Other terms for the perspective I refer to as situative include sociocultural psychology (Cole, 1996; Rogoff, 1995), activity theory (Engestrom, 1993; 1999), distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995a), and ecological psychology (Gibson, 1979; Reed, 1996). I use the term “situative” because I was introduced to the perspective by scholars who referred to their perspective as situated action (Suchman, 1985), situated cognition (Lave, 1988), or situated learning (Lave & Wenger, 1991). I prefer the term “situative,” a modifier of “perspective,” “analysis,” or “theory,” to “situated,” used to modify “action,” “cognition,” or “learning,” because the latter adjective invites a misconception: that some instances of action, cognition, or learning are situated and others are not. During the 1980s and 1990s these scholars and others provided analyses in which concepts of cognition and learning are relocated at the level of activity systems.
545 citations
TL;DR: This work argues that advances in digital technologies increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration.
Abstract: The increased digitization of organizational processes and products poses new challenges for understanding product innovation. It also opens new horizons for information systems research. We analyse how ongoing pervasive digitization of product innovation reshapes knowledge creation and sharing in innovation networks. We argue that advances in digital technologies 1 increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and 2 increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration. These developments, in turn, stretch existing innovation networks by redistributing control and increasing the demand for knowledge coordination across time and space presenting novel challenges for knowledge creation, assimilation and integration. Based on this foundation, we distinguish four types of emerging innovation networks supported by digitalization: 1 project innovation networks; 2 clan innovation networks; 3 federated innovation networks; and 4 anarchic innovation networks. Each network involves different cognitive and social translations - or ways of identifying, sharing and assimilating knowledge. We describe the role of five novel properties of digital infrastructures in supporting each type of innovation network: representational flexibility, semantic coherence, temporal and spatial traceability, knowledge brokering and linguistic calibration. We identify several implications for future innovation research. In particular, we focus on the emergence of anarchic network forms that follow full-fledged digital convergence founded on richer innovation ontologies and epistemologies calling to critically re-examine the nature and impact of modularization for innovation.
418 citations
TL;DR: A blind IQA model is proposed, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison and is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem.
Abstract: This paper investigates how to blindly evaluate the visual quality of an image by learning rules from linguistic descriptions. Extensive psychological evidence shows that humans prefer to conduct evaluations qualitatively rather than numerically. The qualitative evaluations are then converted into the numerical scores to fairly benchmark objective image quality assessment (IQA) metrics. Recently, lots of learning-based IQA models are proposed by analyzing the mapping from the images to numerical ratings. However, the learnt mapping can hardly be accurate enough because some information has been lost in such an irreversible conversion from the linguistic descriptions to numerical scores. In this paper, we propose a blind IQA model, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison. Images are represented by natural scene statistics features. A discriminative deep model is trained to classify the features into five grades, corresponding to five explicit mental concepts, i.e., excellent, good, fair, poor, and bad. A newly designed quality pooling is then applied to convert the qualitative labels into scores. The classification framework is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem. Thorough experiments are conducted on popular databases to verify the model’s effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness.
360 citations
TL;DR: The current state of the descriptive information-processing model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics are reviewed.
Abstract: About a decade ago, psychology of the arts started to gain momentum owing to a number of drives: technological progress improved the conditions under which art could be studied in the laboratory, neuroscience discovered the arts as an area of interest, and new theories offered a more comprehensive look at aesthetic experiences. Ten years ago, Leder, Belke, Oeberst, and Augustin (2004) proposed a descriptive information-processing model of the components that integrate an aesthetic episode. This theory offered explanations for modern art's large number of individualized styles, innovativeness, and for the diverse aesthetic experiences it can stimulate. In addition, it described how information is processed over the time course of an aesthetic episode, within and over perceptual, cognitive and emotional components. Here, we review the current state of the model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics.
329 citations