Cognition In The Wild
01 Jan 2016-
TL;DR: The cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read and is available in the digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: Thank you very much for reading cognition in the wild. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite books like this cognition in the wild, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their laptop. cognition in the wild is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: The authors argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses and that the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
Abstract: How broad is the class of affordances we can perceive? Affordances (Gibson, 1979/1986) are possibilities for action provided to an animal by the environment—by the substances, surfaces, objects, and other living creatures that surround it. A widespread assumption has been that affordances primarily relate to motor action—to locomotion and manual behaviors such as reaching and grasping. We propose an account of affordances according to which the concept of affordances has a much broader application than has hitherto been supposed. We argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses. By virtue of our many abilities, the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.
628 citations
Cites methods from "Cognition In The Wild"
...Researchers concerned with the distributed nature of cognitive processes have made this observation as well, using a very different conceptual framework to describe it (Hutchins, 1995; Perry, 2010)....
[...]
[...]
TL;DR: Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding as discussed by the authors, which is a program of research in the learning sciences that I call "situative".
Abstract: This chapter discusses a program of research in the learning sciences that I call “situative.” The defining characteristic of a situative approach is that instead of focusing on individual learners, the main focus of analysis is on activity systems : complex social organizations containing learners, teachers, curriculum materials, software tools, and the physical environment. Over the decades, many psychologists have advocated a study of these larger systems (Dewey, 1896, 1929/1958; Lewin, 1935, 1946/1997; Mead, 1934; Vygotsky, 1987), although they remained outside the mainstream of psychology, which instead focused on individuals. Situative analyses include hypotheses about principles of coordination that support communication and reasoning in activity systems, including construction of meaning and understanding. Other terms for the perspective I refer to as situative include sociocultural psychology (Cole, 1996; Rogoff, 1995), activity theory (Engestrom, 1993; 1999), distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995a), and ecological psychology (Gibson, 1979; Reed, 1996). I use the term “situative” because I was introduced to the perspective by scholars who referred to their perspective as situated action (Suchman, 1985), situated cognition (Lave, 1988), or situated learning (Lave & Wenger, 1991). I prefer the term “situative,” a modifier of “perspective,” “analysis,” or “theory,” to “situated,” used to modify “action,” “cognition,” or “learning,” because the latter adjective invites a misconception: that some instances of action, cognition, or learning are situated and others are not. During the 1980s and 1990s these scholars and others provided analyses in which concepts of cognition and learning are relocated at the level of activity systems.
545 citations
Cites background or methods from "Cognition In The Wild"
...Other terms for the perspective I refer to as situative include sociocultural psychology (Cole, 1996; Rogoff, 1995), activity theory (Engeström, 1993 ; 1999), distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995a), and ecological psychology (Gibson, 1979; Reed, 1996)....
[...]
...Material and other informational resources also contribute to the construction of information, in ways investigated in research on distributed cognition (e.g., Hutchins, 1995a) and in social studies of science (e.g., Pickering, 1995)....
[...]
...The problemsolving processes of the lab were distributed throughout the cognitive system, which comprised both the researchers and the cognitive artifacts that they use (cf. Hutchins, 1995a)....
[...]
...For example, Hutchins (1995b) studied remembering in the activity of flying commercial airplanes and gave an analysis of remembering to change the settings of flaps and slats during a descent as an accomplishment of the activity system of the cockpit, including the two pilots along with instruments…...
[...]
...Other terms for the perspective I refer to as situative include sociocultural psychology (Cole, 1996; Rogoff, 1995), activity theory (Engeström, 1993 ; 1999), distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995a), and ecological psychology (Gibson, 1979; Reed, 1996)....
[...]
TL;DR: This work argues that advances in digital technologies increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration.
Abstract: The increased digitization of organizational processes and products poses new challenges for understanding product innovation. It also opens new horizons for information systems research. We analyse how ongoing pervasive digitization of product innovation reshapes knowledge creation and sharing in innovation networks. We argue that advances in digital technologies 1 increase innovation network connectivity by reducing communication costs and increasing its reach and scope and 2 increase the speed and scope of digital convergence, which increases network knowledge heterogeneity and need for integration. These developments, in turn, stretch existing innovation networks by redistributing control and increasing the demand for knowledge coordination across time and space presenting novel challenges for knowledge creation, assimilation and integration. Based on this foundation, we distinguish four types of emerging innovation networks supported by digitalization: 1 project innovation networks; 2 clan innovation networks; 3 federated innovation networks; and 4 anarchic innovation networks. Each network involves different cognitive and social translations - or ways of identifying, sharing and assimilating knowledge. We describe the role of five novel properties of digital infrastructures in supporting each type of innovation network: representational flexibility, semantic coherence, temporal and spatial traceability, knowledge brokering and linguistic calibration. We identify several implications for future innovation research. In particular, we focus on the emergence of anarchic network forms that follow full-fledged digital convergence founded on richer innovation ontologies and epistemologies calling to critically re-examine the nature and impact of modularization for innovation.
418 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...Social translations are also involved in the interactions between people and artefacts during innovation (Hutchins, 1995)....
[...]
TL;DR: A blind IQA model is proposed, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison and is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem.
Abstract: This paper investigates how to blindly evaluate the visual quality of an image by learning rules from linguistic descriptions. Extensive psychological evidence shows that humans prefer to conduct evaluations qualitatively rather than numerically. The qualitative evaluations are then converted into the numerical scores to fairly benchmark objective image quality assessment (IQA) metrics. Recently, lots of learning-based IQA models are proposed by analyzing the mapping from the images to numerical ratings. However, the learnt mapping can hardly be accurate enough because some information has been lost in such an irreversible conversion from the linguistic descriptions to numerical scores. In this paper, we propose a blind IQA model, which learns qualitative evaluations directly and outputs numerical scores for general utilization and fair comparison. Images are represented by natural scene statistics features. A discriminative deep model is trained to classify the features into five grades, corresponding to five explicit mental concepts, i.e., excellent, good, fair, poor, and bad. A newly designed quality pooling is then applied to convert the qualitative labels into scores. The classification framework is not only much more natural than the regression-based models, but also robust to the small sample size problem. Thorough experiments are conducted on popular databases to verify the model’s effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness.
360 citations
TL;DR: The current state of the descriptive information-processing model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics are reviewed.
Abstract: About a decade ago, psychology of the arts started to gain momentum owing to a number of drives: technological progress improved the conditions under which art could be studied in the laboratory, neuroscience discovered the arts as an area of interest, and new theories offered a more comprehensive look at aesthetic experiences. Ten years ago, Leder, Belke, Oeberst, and Augustin (2004) proposed a descriptive information-processing model of the components that integrate an aesthetic episode. This theory offered explanations for modern art's large number of individualized styles, innovativeness, and for the diverse aesthetic experiences it can stimulate. In addition, it described how information is processed over the time course of an aesthetic episode, within and over perceptual, cognitive and emotional components. Here, we review the current state of the model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics.
329 citations
Cites background from "Cognition In The Wild"
...By highlighting the role of contextual factors on aesthetic experience, themodelwas alignedwith the growing realization that cognition is contextually situated (Clark, 1997; Hutchins, 1995), and with evidence showing that presentation format influences interest and liking ratings of artworks, even though it has little effect on formal features, such as complexity or composition (Locher et al....
[...]
...…of contextual factors on aesthetic experience, themodelwas alignedwith the growing realization that cognition is contextually situated (Clark, 1997; Hutchins, 1995), and with evidence showing that presentation format influences interest and liking ratings of artworks, even though it has little…...
[...]
References
More filters
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: The aim of this licentiate is to study the impact of low levels of automation on operator behavior, and to explore the broader impact upon the maritime sociotechnical system.
Abstract: The shipping industry is evolving towards an unknown and unpredictable future. There is speculation that in the next two decades the maritime industry will witness changes far exceeding those experienced over the past 100 years. The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), big data, automation and their impacts upon fully autonomous ships have the potential to transform the maritime industry. While change is inevitable in the maritime domain, automated solutions do not guarantee navigational safety, efficiency or improved seaway traffic management. Such dramatic change also calls for a more systematic approach to designing, evaluating and adopting new solutions into a system. Although intended to support operator decision-making needs and reduce operator workload, the outcomes might create unforeseen changes throughout other aspects of the maritime sociotechnical system. In the maritime industry, the human is seldom put first in technology design which paradoxically introduces human-automation challenges related to technology acceptance, use, trust, reliance and risk. The co-existence and challenges of humans and automation, as it pertains to navigation and navigational assistance, is explored throughout this licentiate. This thesis considers the Sea Traffic Management (STM) Validation Project as the context to examine low-level automation functions intended to enhance operator (both Navigators and Vessel Traffic Service Operators) navigational safety and efficiency. The STM functions are designed to improve information sharing between ships and from ship to shore such as: route sharing, enhanced monitoring, and route crosschecking. The licentiate is built on two different data collection efforts during 2017-2018 within the STM Validation project. The functions were tested on two user groups: Bridge Officers and Vessel Traffic Service Operators. All testing was completed in high-fidelity bridge simulators using traffic scenarios developed by subject matter experts. The aim of this licentiate is to study the impact of low levels of automation on operator behavior, and to explore the broader impact upon the maritime sociotechnical system. A mixed-method approach was selected to address these questions and included the following: observations, questionnaires, numerical assessment of ship behavior, and post-simulation debrief group sessions. To analyze and discuss the data, grounded theory, subject matter expert consultation, and descriptive statistics were used. The results point towards a disruption in current working practices for both ship and shore operators, and an uncertainty about the overall impact of low-level automation on operator behaviour. Using a sociotechnical systems approach, gaps have been identified related to new technology testing and implementation. These gaps relate to the overall preparedness of the shipping industry to manage the evolution towards smarter ships. The findings discussed in this licentiate aim to promote further discussions about a quickly evolving industry concerning automation integration in shipping and the potential impact on human performance in safety critical operations.
7 citations
Dissertation•
02 Mar 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that subjectivity must be understood as constituted by the pre-reflective self-awareness that is central to all intentional experience and, secondly, as intrinsically bodily.
Abstract: The primary aim of this thesis is to defend the idea that there are ontologically collective forms of thought and action. This is to say, that there are at least some instances in which a thought or action is appropriately ascribed not to the individual members of a group, but only to the group as a whole. In chapters 2 and 4 existing attempts, primarily in analytic philosophy, to defend such phenomena by appealing to either the content, mode, or subject of intentional states are criticised. These criticisms in turn motivate an alternative understanding of subjectivity, outlined in chapters 3 and 5. This alternative draws on the phenomenological work of Dan Zahavi and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, to argue that subjectivity must be understood, firstly, as constituted by the pre-reflective self-awareness that is central to all intentional experience and, secondly, as intrinsically bodily. Finally, in chapter 6, and by drawing on Merleau-Ponty’s thoughts on habituation and intersubjectivity, it is argued that it is possible to understand groups as continually in the process of developing such a form of plural bodily subjectivity through processes of group-level habituation. Overall, therefore, a radical position will be defended, which holds that not only can groups think and act in an ontologically collective sense, but that they can do so in virtue of the fact that they can achieve a certain level of phenomenal self-consciousness. However, this position will be tempered by the thought that unified self-awareness and subjectivity is a matter of degree; where to have a unified pre-reflective sense of self is to be an individual subject, groups must be understood as always in the process of developing a form of unity that is, ultimately, out of their grasp.
7 citations
22 Nov 2019
TL;DR: In this article, the notion of intersemiotic Intersemiotic Translation as a Creative Thinking Tool has been explored in the domain of intermediality that brings together premises from Peircean semiotics and distributed cognition, and it is argued that creative artists are cognitive cyborgs because they have regulated and augmented their creative activity by coupling themselves to various tools and material structures.
Abstract: Our thesis here is that creative artists are cognitive cyborgs 1 and one of their most decisive implants is intersemiotic translation. Intersemiotic translation is a default procedure in creative arts. Artists such as Gertrude Stein, Georges Braque, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Sergei Eisenstein, Orson Welles, John Cage, Merce Cunningham, Morton Feldman and Augusto de Campos are among many notable examples of artists in the last century who relied on translation between different semiotic systems to scaffold the creative transformation of artistic conceptual spaces. They are cognitive cyborgs because they have regulated and augmented their creative activity by coupling themselves to various tools and material structures. This is a new approach in the domain of intermediality that brings together premises from Peircean semiotics and distributed cognition. This approach is part of intermedial studies because it is interested in modelling relations between different media and also because it shares, to some extent, a similar tradition of research – semiotics and translation studies. However, within intermedial studies, our approach follows its own set of distinctive premises. First of all, we adhere more strictly to Peirce’s semiotics, which had already offered more than a century ago a systematic model of all logical phenomenological relations of meaning, including the materiality and situatedness of meaning. In doing so we are more conservative than others in the field with regard to terminological innovation, preferring to stick with terms that are already discussed within a semiotic framework, such as intersemiotic translation and intersemiosis, than introducing new terminology, such as the notion of transmediation. Secondly, we associate the description of relations between media more closely to models of joint and distributed cognition 2 than to models of communication. That is, we propose to understand intermedial relations not so much as means for transmitting some meaning or import across context, but rather as means for thinking and acting together. In this paper, we will explore the notion of intersemiotic Intersemiotic Translation as a Creative Thinking Tool
7 citations
TL;DR: An explanatory energy model report for a commercial energy-monitoring product that was guided by a task analysis based on user observation, interviews, and designer participation and refined with usability heuristics.
Abstract: Monitoring energy performance can help organizations make better efficiency investment and operational decisions. However, key energy performance indicators can be difficult to interpret because they blend effects of real system changes and statistical model behavior. We designed an explanatory energy model report for a commercial energy-monitoring product. The design was guided by a task analysis based on user observation, interviews, and designer participation. It was refined with usability heuristics, task walk-throughs, and tabletop discussions. Our collaborator is incorporating the design into its next product revision.
7 citations
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of "uniformity" and "uncertainty" in 3.5.5 GHz frequency bands, respectively.
Abstract: 5
7 citations