Cognitive differences between older adult instrumental musicians: Benefits of continuing to play:
01 Jan 2020-Psychology of Music (SAGE PublicationsSage UK: London, England)-Vol. 48, Iss: 1, pp 67-83
TL;DR: This paper assessed cognition across all major domains in older adults in instrumental music and found that ongoing cognitive engagement in late life may help maintain cognitive functioning, and assessed the effect of cognitive engagement on older adult instrumental music players.
Abstract: Previous research suggests that ongoing cognitive engagement in late life may help maintain cognitive functioning. We assessed cognition across all major domains in older adult instrumental musicia...
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: The results of the meta-analysis showed cognitive and cerebral benefits of musical practice, both in domain-specific functions (auditory perception) and in other rather domain-general functions, which seem to protect cognitive domains that usually decline with aging and boost other domains that do not decline with Aging.
Abstract: Aging is accompanied by cognitive decline, although recent research indicates that the rate of decline depends on multiple lifestyle factors. One of such factors is musical practice, an activity that involves several sensory and motor systems and a wide range of high-level cognitive processes. This paper describes the first systematic review and meta-analysis, to our knowledge, of the impact of musical practice on healthy neurocognitive aging. The inclusion criteria for the review required that studies were empirical works in English or Spanish that they explored the effects of musical practice on older people; they included an assessment of cognitive functions and/or an assessment of brain status; and they included a sample of participants aged 59 years or older with no cognitive impairment or brain damage. This review led to the selection of 13 studies: 9 correlational studies involving older musicians and non-musicians and 4 experimental studies involving short-term musical training programs. The results of the meta-analysis showed cognitive and cerebral benefits of musical practice, both in domain-specific functions (auditory perception) and in other rather domain-general functions. Moreover, these benefits seem to protect cognitive domains that usually decline with aging and boost other domains that do not decline with aging. The origin of these benefits may reside, simultaneously, in the specific training of many of these cognitive functions during musical practice (specific training mechanism), in the improvement of compensatory cognitive processes (specific compensatory mechanism), and in the preservation of general functions with a global influence on others, such as perceptual capacity, processing speed, inhibition and attention (general compensatory mechanism). Therefore, musical practice seems to be a promising tool to reduce the impact of cognitive problems associated to aging.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a scoping review identified and examined ways in which the arts have been used to address wellbeing in communities in the United States and identified the types of artistic practices and interventions being conducted, research methods, and outcomes measured.
Abstract: There is increasing interest today in how the arts contribute to individual and community wellbeing. This scoping review identified and examined ways in which the arts have been used to address wellbeing in communities in the United States. The review examined 44 publications, with combined study populations representing a total of 5,080 research participants, including marginalized populations. It identified the types of artistic practices and interventions being conducted, research methods, and outcomes measured. It highlights positive associations found across a broad spectrum of psychological, physical, and social outcomes, including improvements in self-esteem and identity formation, cognition, physical balance, and physical conditioning. It also reports negative outcomes of arts interventions that may be underreported. The study identifies the need for core outcomes sets and reporting guidelines for advancing evidence synthesis in this area.
4 citations
TL;DR: A general reduction of gray matter metrics distinguished the elderly from the young subjects at the whole-brain level, corresponding to widespread natural brain atrophy, and the elderly musicians maintained musicianship-specific structural and functional cortical features.
Abstract: Background Professional musicians are a model population for exploring basic auditory function, sensorimotor and multisensory integration, and training-induced neuroplasticity. The brain of musicians exhibits distinct structural and functional cortical features; however, little is known about how these features evolve during aging. This multiparametric study aimed to examine the functional and structural neural correlates of lifelong musical practice in elderly professional musicians. Methods Sixteen young musicians, 16 elderly musicians (age >70), and 15 elderly non-musicians participated in the study. We assessed gray matter metrics at the whole-brain and region of interest (ROI) levels using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the Freesurfer automatic segmentation and reconstruction pipeline. We used BrainVoyager semiautomated segmentation to explore individual auditory cortex morphotypes. Furthermore, we evaluated functional blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activations in auditory and non-auditory regions by functional MRI (fMRI) with an attentive tone-listening task. Finally, we performed discriminant function analyses based on structural and functional ROIs. Results A general reduction of gray matter metrics distinguished the elderly from the young subjects at the whole-brain level, corresponding to widespread natural brain atrophy. Age- and musicianship-dependent structural correlations revealed group-specific differences in several clusters including superior, middle, and inferior frontal as well as perirolandic areas. In addition, the elderly musicians exhibited increased gyrification of auditory cortex like the young musicians. During fMRI, the elderly non-musicians activated predominantly auditory regions, whereas the elderly musicians co-activated a much broader network of auditory association areas, primary and secondary motor areas, and prefrontal and parietal regions like, albeit weaker, the young musicians. Also, group-specific age- and musicianship-dependent functional correlations were observed in the frontal and parietal regions. Moreover, discriminant function analysis could separate groups with high accuracy based on a set of specific structural and functional, mainly temporal and occipital, ROIs. Conclusion In conclusion, despite naturally occurring senescence, the elderly musicians maintained musicianship-specific structural and functional cortical features. The identified structural and functional brain regions, discriminating elderly musicians from non-musicians, might be of relevance for the aging musicians’ brain. To what extent lifelong musical activity may have a neuroprotective impact needs to be addressed further in larger longitudinal studies.
4 citations
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: This article reviewed evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging research with an emphasis on the role of music training in cognition, and explored how modern theories of cognitive aging account for the benefit of musical training on the aging brain.
Abstract: The aging population has led to increased interest in the effects of various lifestyle choices that can mitigate or prevent the cognitive decline that accompanies natural aging, one of which is the contribution of music training and active musicianship. While there is mounting evidence that engagement in musical activity does mitigate some of the cognitive problems experienced in old age, the research has yet to be reviewed in the context of modern theories of cognitive aging. In this chapter, we explore how modern theories of cognitive aging account for the benefit of musical training on the aging brain. We review evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging research with an emphasis on the role of music training in cognition.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the effects of tone language repertoire and musical experience on non-native lexical tone perception and production were investigated, and it was found that a larger tone language vocabulary and musical experiences both enhanced tone discrimination performance.
Abstract: This study sought to understand the effects of tone language repertoire and musical experience on nonnative lexical tone perception and production. Thirty-one participants completed a tone discrimination task, an imitation task, and a musical abilities task. Results showed that a larger tone language repertoire and musical experience both enhanced tone discrimination performance. However, the effects were not additive, as musical experience was associated with tone discrimination performance for single-tone language speakers, but such association was not seen for dual-tone language speakers. Furthermore, among single-tone language speakers, but not among dual-tone language speakers, musical experience and musical aptitude positively correlated with tone discrimination accuracy. It is thus concluded that individuals with varying extents of tone language experience may adopt different strategies when performing tone discrimination tasks; single-tone language speakers may draw on their musical expertise while dual-tone language speakers may rely on their extensive tone language experience instead.
2 citations
References
More filters
Book•
01 Jan 1975TL;DR: In this article, the Mathematical Basis for Multiple Regression/Correlation and Identification of the Inverse Matrix Elements is presented. But it does not address the problem of missing data.
Abstract: Contents: Preface. Introduction. Bivariate Correlation and Regression. Multiple Regression/Correlation With Two or More Independent Variables. Data Visualization, Exploration, and Assumption Checking: Diagnosing and Solving Regression Problems I. Data-Analytic Strategies Using Multiple Regression/Correlation. Quantitative Scales, Curvilinear Relationships, and Transformations. Interactions Among Continuous Variables. Categorical or Nominal Independent Variables. Interactions With Categorical Variables. Outliers and Multicollinearity: Diagnosing and Solving Regression Problems II. Missing Data. Multiple Regression/Correlation and Causal Models. Alternative Regression Models: Logistic, Poisson Regression, and the Generalized Linear Model. Random Coefficient Regression and Multilevel Models. Longitudinal Regression Methods. Multiple Dependent Variables: Set Correlation. Appendices: The Mathematical Basis for Multiple Regression/Correlation and Identification of the Inverse Matrix Elements. Determination of the Inverse Matrix and Applications Thereof.
29,764 citations
TL;DR: This paper attempts to develop a coherent theoretical account of reserve, a distinction is suggested between reserve, the ability to optimize or maximize normal performance, and compensation, an attempt to maximize performance in the face of brain damage by using brain structures or networks not engaged when the brain is not damaged.
Abstract: The idea of reserve against brain damage stems from the repeated observation that there does not appear to be a direct relationship between the degree of brain pathology or brain damage and the clinical manifestation of that damage. This paper attempts to develop a coherent theoretical account of reserve. One convenient subdivision of reserve models revolves around whether they envision reserve as a passive process, such as in brain reserve or threshold, or see the brain as actively attempting to cope with or compensate for pathology, as in cognitive reserve. Cognitive reserve may be based on more efficient utilization of brain networks or of enhanced ability to recruit alternate brain networks as needed. A distinction is suggested between reserve, the ability to optimize or maximize normal performance, and compensation, an attempt to maximize performance in the face of brain damage by using brain structures or networks not engaged when the brain is not damaged. Epidemiologic and imaging data that help to develop and support the concept of reserve are presented.
3,136 citations
TL;DR: The previous editions of this book, written by the first two authors, Jacob and Patricia Cohen, became essential reference tools for many social scientists who needed a solid grounding in statistical methodology.
Abstract: The previous editions of this book, written by the first two authors, Jacob and Patricia Cohen, became essential reference tools for many social scientists who needed a solid grounding in statistical methodology. It was first published in 1975, with an intention to provide a foundation in the regression framework for the practical researcher. The second edition (1983) focused on causality and analysis of variance and covariance. The third edition is even more extensive, containing extra topics that have evolved over the last 20 years, and has extensions of earlier chapters. It remains as vital as ever.
2,224 citations
TL;DR: A self-report physical activity questionnaire for older men and women developed to evaluate the outcomes of the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS), an intervention to increase physical activity, finds the CHAMPS measure may be useful for evaluating the effectiveness of programs aimed at increasing levels of physical activity in older adults.
Abstract: STEWART, A L, K M MILLS, A C KING, W L HASKELL, D GILLIS, and P L RITTER CHAMPS Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Adults: outcomes for interventions Med Sci Sports Exerc, Vol 33, No 7, 2001, pp 1126–1141PurposeTo evaluate effectively interventions to increase physical act
1,162 citations
TL;DR: This review focuses on syntax, using recent neuroimaging data and cognitive theory to propose a specific point of convergence between syntactic processing in language and music, which leads to testable predictions, including the prediction that that syntactic comprehension problems in Broca's aphasia are not selective to language but influence music perception as well.
Abstract: The comparative study of music and language is drawing an increasing amount of research interest. Like language, music is a human universal involving perceptually discrete elements organized into hierarchically structured sequences. Music and language can thus serve as foils for each other in the study of brain mechanisms underlying complex sound processing, and comparative research can provide novel insights into the functional and neural architecture of both domains. This review focuses on syntax, using recent neuroimaging data and cognitive theory to propose a specific point of convergence between syntactic processing in language and music. This leads to testable predictions, including the prediction that that syntactic comprehension problems in Broca's aphasia are not selective to language but influence music perception as well.
1,089 citations
"Cognitive differences between older..." refers background in this paper
...To explain resource sharing more specifically, Patel (2003) previously proposed the shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis (SSIRH) which suggests that (1) structural integration requires the rapid and selective activation of items in associative networks and (2) music and language share…...
[...]