Compact CRLH Leaky-Wave Antenna Using TE 20 -Mode Substrate-Integrated Waveguide for Broad Space Radiation Coverage
TL;DR: In this paper, a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) based four-quadrant dual-beam scanning leaky-wave antenna is proposed and demonstrated using substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology.
Abstract: In this communication, a composite right-/left-handed (CRLH) based four-quadrant dual-beam scanning leaky-wave antenna is proposed and demonstrated using substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. The simultaneous use of dual-radiating sections of the TE 20-mode SIW makes the structure quite compact with the enhancement in overall gain as compared to the TE 10-mode SIW. In addition to this, the incorporation of interdigital slots on the top as well as the bottom plates of the waveguide enables the feature of CRLH media, resulting in full-space beam scanning. Based on the orientation of the electric field on the guiding structure, the top and bottom slots are orthogonally placed to each other. The unit cell characteristics and space harmonics are thoroughly investigated using the dispersion and Bloch impedance analysis. By tactfully tuning the design parameters, the balanced condition is obtained at the broadside frequency of 11.5 GHz. The radiated dual beam covers a four-quadrant scanning range of 248°, having the beam steering from –75° to 49° for both top and bottom halves of the space. The proposed antenna operates within 10–12.8 GHz with a peak gain of 18 dBi. The designed antenna is finally fabricated and tested, where the simulated responses are found in good agreement with the corresponding measured data.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a coexistencemode composite right/left-handed (CRLH) substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) transmission line technology is proposed, and this technology aims to solve the problem of miniaturization in the longitudinal length of the Butler matrix (BM).
Abstract: The miniaturization design of the beamforming network (BFN) is the key to improving the application value of the multibeam array antenna. The traditional miniaturization method of the BFN mostly solves the miniaturization of the transverse width, while the miniaturization of the longitudinal length is rarely involved. In this article, a coexistence-mode (Co-mode) composite right-/left-handed (CRLH) substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) transmission line technology is proposed, and this technology aims to solve the problem of miniaturization in the longitudinal length of the Butler matrix (BM). Its core is to introduce a longitudinally extended interdigital slot (IDS), force the SIW to incorporate an interdigital capacitor, and realize the phase constants of the TE10 mode and the TE20 mode reverse change. Then, the coupling region length of the couplers based on the Co-mode CRLH SIW transmission line can be reduced, and the longitudinal miniaturized directional coupler and the longitudinal miniaturized cross coupler are obtained. Finally, three types of $4\times 4$ longitudinal miniaturized BMs based on the Co-mode CRLH SIW transmission line are designed, whose longitudinal lengths are reduced by 32%, 22.1%, and 30.7% compared with those of their SIW counterparts. In addition, a miniaturized multibeam array antenna based on the Co-mode CRLH $4\times 4$ H-plane SIW BM is fabricated and measured, which verifies the applicability of Co-mode CRLH SIW transmission line technology.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a leaky-wave antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide is introduced with continuous beam scanning from backward-to-forward through broadside, and a new two-part unit cell has been used to achieve the continuous beam without drop of gain in the broadside.
Abstract: In this paper, a leaky-wave antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide is introduced with continuous beam scanning from backward-to-forward through broadside. A new two-part unit cell has been used to achieve the continuous beam without drop of gain in the broadside. This suppresses the open stop-band, the broadside radiation gain would be without a drop, and the side lobe level is kept low. The wide operating bandwidth is obtained, which covers from 11.7 to 19.6 GHz. It is observed that S11 is below − 10 dB from 11.5 to 20 GHz, and the average S21 is − 8.5 dB from 11.5 to 20 GHz. Scanning of this antenna is continuous and covers all angles between − 61° to + 34°. The gain in the direction of the broadside beam is equal to 14.2 dB and without a drop. The gain changes are low in the operating frequency and the average gain is 14.1 dB in this antenna, also the average side lobe level is − 12 dB. The average radiation efficiency of this proposed antenna is 73%.
7 citations
TL;DR: A leaky-wave antenna (LWA) based on the double-layer substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) that has a wide scanning range within a narrow bandwidth is proposed.
Abstract: A leaky-wave antenna (LWA) based on the double-layer substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) that has a wide scanning range within a narrow bandwidth is proposed. The LWA consists of two layers, each of which consists of multiple elemental SIWs arranged in parallel at each layer while the direction of the SIWs in the two layers are at an oblique angle to each other. The elemental top layer SIWs are connected to those in the bottom layer though parallelogram-shaped slots, so that the two layers together form a double-layer SIW. Thin slots etched on the upper surface of each elemental SIW of the top layer act as radiating structures. As the phase difference between the radiating slots of adjacent elemental SIWs can be enlarged by the waveguide length, wide-angle beam scanning is achieved within a specific frequency bandwidth. The proposed LWA has a scanning range from −58° to 49° in a relative bandwidth of 6.45%, from 12.75 GHz to 13.6 GHz. The scanning rate (SR), defined as the scanning range divided by the relative bandwidth, is up to 16.5. The size of structure is compact, which is $4.0\lambda _{0}\times 3.6\lambda _{0} \times 0.04\,\,\lambda _{0}$ . The proposed LWA is suitable for radar or communication system applications.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a single-layered annular surface plasmon polariton (SPP)-based leaky-wave antenna (LWA) was proposed for full azimuth beam scanning in 60 GHz applications.
Abstract: This article presents a single-layered annular surface plasmon polariton (SPP)-based leaky-wave antenna (LWA) for full azimuth beam scanning in 60 GHz applications. The groundless annular SPP transmission line (TL) has a special feeding mechanism that can be operated at 60 GHz in the SPP mode. Periodically radiating circular patches with gradually smaller sizes near the TL create an additional momentum that helps convert the slow wave SP mode into the radiating leaky mode. This results in frequency-dependent continuous beam scanning in the azimuth plane. The theoretical, numerical, and experimental results of the proposed device agree well. The antenna has an overall scanning range of 268°, −10 dB impedance BW of 15.33%, and a peak gain of 19.7 dBi with an average sidelobe level (SLL = −10 dB) and a cross-polar level of −20 dB. Owing to the low-profile compactness and improved performance, the proposed single-layered LWA is a promising candidate for 60 GHz V-band millimeter (mm)-wave applications.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a single-layered electronically tunable annular surface plasmon polariton (SPP)-based leaky-wave antenna at 60 GHz for continuous azimuthal beam scanning is proposed.
Abstract: This article proposes a single-layered electronically tunable annular surface plasmon polariton (SPP)-based leaky-wave antenna at 60 GHz for continuous azimuthal beam scanning. Initially, the groundless annular SPP transmission line is designed having specialized feeding mechanism which is operational at 60 GHz under SPP mode. Periodic radiating semicircular patches are incorporated into the vicinity of the TL that form an additional momentum caused to convert the slow-wave SP mode to radiating leaky-mode and placement of extra metallic ground makes the radiated beam unidirectional. Furthermore, implementation of the varactor diodes with imposed suitable switching conditions make the geometry electronically tunable to achieve a continuous complete azimuth coverage. The theoretical predictions, numerical simulations and the experimental validations of the proposed structure show good agreement. The proposed antenna show an overall scanning range of 275°, peak gain of 19.9 dBi with average sidelobe level of −10 dB and minimum cross polar level of −20 dB. Availing the benefits from the low-profile compactness and improved performance, the proposed groundless LWA appears as a promising candidate for integration in 60-GHz mm-wave applications.
3 citations
References
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TL;DR: This paper gives a basic review and a summary of recent developments for leaky-wave antennas (LWAs), a guiding structure that supports wave propagation along the length of the structure, with the wave radiating or “leaking” continuously along the structure.
Abstract: This paper gives a basic review and a summary of recent developments for leaky-wave antennas (LWAs). An LWA uses a guiding structure that supports wave propagation along the length of the structure, with the wave radiating or “leaking” continuously along the structure. Such antennas may be uniform, quasi-uniform, or periodic. After reviewing the basic physics and operating principles, a summary of some recent advances for these types of structures is given. Recent advances include structures that can scan to endfire, structures that can scan through broadside, structures that are conformal to surfaces, and structures that incorporate power recycling or include active elements. Some of these novel structures are inspired by recent advances in the metamaterials area.
988 citations
"Compact CRLH Leaky-Wave Antenna Usi..." refers background in this paper
...may reach at the Port 2 of the antenna, which actually provides no significant reflection mismatch at the other end [2]....
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...Leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) fall under the general category of traveling-wave antennas, where the electromagnetic (EM) wave travels along the structure with decaying power [1], [2]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present new concepts that allow for the complete integration of planar circuits and waveguide filters synthesized on a single substrate by means of metallized post (or via-hole) arrays.
Abstract: The integrated planar technique has been considered as a reliable candidate for low-cost mass production of millimeter-wave circuits and systems. This paper presents new concepts that allow for a complete integration of planar circuits and waveguide filters synthesized on a single substrate by means of metallized post (or via-hole) arrays. Analysis of the synthesized integrated waveguide and design criteria are presented for the post pitch and diameter. A filter design method derived from a synthesis technique using inductive post is presented. An experimental three-pole Chebyshev filter having 1-dB insertion loss and return loss better than 17 dB is demonstrated. Integrating such planar and nonplanar circuits on a substrate can significantly reduce size, weight, and cost, and greatly enhance manufacturing repeatability and reliability.
868 citations
"Compact CRLH Leaky-Wave Antenna Usi..." refers background in this paper
...characteristics such as ease of integration, high power handling, good isolation, lightweight, and low cost [9]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a uniform slotted SIW leaky-wave antenna is designed that has good beam scanning from near broadside (though not exactly at broadside) to forward endfire.
Abstract: A novel slotted substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) leaky-wave antenna is proposed. This antenna works in the TE10 mode of the SIW. Leakage is obtained by introducing a periodic set of transverse slots on the top of the SIW, which interrupt the current flow on the top wall. It is seen that three modes (a leaky mode, a proper waveguide mode, and a surface-wave-like mode) can all propagate on this structure. The wavenumbers of the modes are calculated theoretically and are numerically evaluated by HFSS simulation. The leakage loss, dielectric loss, and conductor loss are also analyzed. A uniform slotted SIW leaky-wave antenna is designed that has good beam scanning from near broadside (though not exactly at broadside) to forward endfire. This type of SIW leaky-wave antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth and a narrow beam that scans with frequency. Measured results are consistent with the simulation and the theoretical analysis.
405 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a CRLH leaky-wave antenna for antenna applications, which is realized by etching interdigital slots on the waveguide surface and the ground.
Abstract: Composite right/left-handed (CRLH) substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) leaky-wave structures for antenna applications are proposed and investigated. Their propagation properties and radiation characteristics are studied extensively. Their backfire-to-endfire beam-steering capabilities through frequency scanning are demonstrated and discussed. These metamaterial radiating structures are realized by etching interdigital slots on the waveguide surface and the ground. The slot behaves as a series capacitor as well as a radiator leading to a CRLH leaky-wave application. Four antennas are fabricated, measured, and analyzed, including two balanced CRLH SIW designs characterized by single-side or double-side radiation, and two unbalanced HMSIW designs characterized by different boundary conditions. Antenna parameters such as return loss, radiation patterns, gain, and efficiency are all provided. Measured results are consistent with the simulation. All these proposed antennas possess the advantages of low profile, low cost, and low weight, while they are also showing their own unique features, like high directivity, quasi-omnidirectional radiation, miniaturized size, continuous beam-steering capabilities covering both the backward and forward quadrants, etc., providing much design flexibility for the real applications.
304 citations
"Compact CRLH Leaky-Wave Antenna Usi..." refers background in this paper
...Over the past few years, a considerable effort has been made to design SIW-based composite right-/left-handed (CRLH) LWAs to facilitate continuous backward to forward beam scanning through broadside [15]–[21]....
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TL;DR: In this article, two types of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) long slot leaky-wave antennas with controllable sidelobe level are proposed and demonstrated and demonstrated.
Abstract: Two types of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) long slot leaky-wave antennas with controllable sidelobe level are proposed and demonstrated in this paper. The first prototype is able to achieve an excellent sidelobe level of -27.7ndB by properly meandering a long slot etched on the broadside of a straight SIW section from the centerline toward the sidewall then back. But it is known that an asymmetrically curved slot would worsen the cross-polar level. To overcome this drawback, a modified leaky-wave antenna is proposed, which has a straight long slot etched on the broadside of a meandering SIW section. It yields an outstanding sidelobe level of -29.3 dB and also improves the cross-polar level by more than 11 dB at 35 GHz. Experimental results agree well with simulations, thus validating our design. Then, a two-dimensional (2-D) multibeam antenna is developed by combining such 14 leaky-wave antennas with an SIW beamforming network (BFN). It has features of scanning both in elevation orientation by varying frequency and in cross-plane direction by using the BFN. Excited at ports 1-10 of such a 2-D multibeam antenna at 35 GHz, angular region of 86.6° in azimuth can effectively be covered by 3 dB beam-width of ten pencil beams. Varying frequency from 33 GHz to 37 GHz, the angular region of 37.5° and 38.9° in elevation can be covered by 3 dB beam-width of those continuous scanning beams excited at ports 6 and 8 respectively.
229 citations
"Compact CRLH Leaky-Wave Antenna Usi..." refers background in this paper
...proposed SIW-based LWAs [10]–[13] are either uniform or quasiuni-...
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...However, most of the earlier proposed SIW-based LWAs [10]–[13] are either uniform or quasiuniform types suffering from limited scanning range within the forward region....
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