Comparative analysis of different whole cell immobilized aspergillus niger catalysts for gluconic acid fermentation using pretreated cane molasses
TL;DR: A comparative analysis of yield has revealed that calcium alginate entrapment was the most suitable technique as it had given the maximum product yield (0.40 g gluconic acid/g total reducing sugar supplied).
Abstract: To compare the efficiency of various whole cell immobilization techniques for the production of gluconic acid by Aspergillus niger were investigated using potassium ferrocyanide-treated cane molasses as the substrate. The techniques followed were:
(1)
Calcium alginate entrapment,
(2)
cross-linking with glutaraldehyde after cell permeabilization with (a) acetone, (b) toluene and (c) isopropanol and
(3)
development of granular catalyst.
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TL;DR: Gluconic acid is a mild organic acid derived from glucose by a simple oxidation reaction, the principal being sodium gluconate, which has wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industry.
Abstract: Summary Gluconic acid is a mild organic acid derived from glucose by a simple oxidation reaction. The reaction is facilitated by the enzyme glucose oxidase (fungi) and glucose dehydrogenase (bacteria such as Gluconobacter). Microbial production of gluconic acid is the preferred method and it dates back to several decades. The most studied and widely used fermentation process involves the fungus Aspergillus niger. Gluconic acid and its derivatives, the principal being sodium gluconate, have wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. This article gives a review of microbial gluconic acid production, its properties and applications.
490 citations
TL;DR: Advancements in biotechnology such as screening of microorganisms, immobilization techniques, and modifications in fermentation process for continuous fermentation, including genetic engineering programmes, could lead to cost-effective production of glucoseconic acid.
Abstract: Gluconic acid (GA) is a multifunctional carbonic acid regarded as a bulk chemical in the food, feed, beverage, textile, pharmaceutical, and construction industries. The favored production process is submerged fermentation by Aspergillus niger utilizing glucose as a major carbohydrate source, which accompanied product yield of 98%. However, use of GA and its derivatives is currently restricted because of high prices: about US$ 1.20–8.50/kg. Advancements in biotechnology such as screening of microorganisms, immobilization techniques, and modifications in fermentation process for continuous fermentation, including genetic engineering programmes, could lead to cost-effective production of GA. Among alternative carbohydrate sources, sugarcane molasses, grape must show highest GA yield of 95.8%, and banana must may assist reducing the overall cost of GA production. These methodologies would open new markets and increase applications of GA.
150 citations
Cites background or methods from "Comparative analysis of different w..."
...…by immobilizing A. niger on glass rings (Heinrich and Rehm 1982), nonwoven fabric material (Sakurai et al. 1989), Ca-alginate (Moresi et al. 1991; Rao and Panda 1994), cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (Rao and Panda 1994), and polyurethane foam (PUF; Vassilev et al. 1993), including…...
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...…Rehm 1982), nonwoven fabric material (Sakurai et al. 1989), Ca-alginate (Moresi et al. 1991; Rao and Panda 1994), cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (Rao and Panda 1994), and polyurethane foam (PUF; Vassilev et al. 1993), including flocculation with the polyelectrolytes and covalent binding to…...
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...GA production has been studied by immobilizing A. niger on glass rings (Heinrich and Rehm 1982), nonwoven fabric material (Sakurai et al. 1989), Ca-alginate (Moresi et al. 1991; Rao and Panda 1994), cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (Rao and Panda 1994), and polyurethane foam (PUF; Vassilev et al. 1993), including flocculation with the polyelectrolytes and covalent binding to glycidyl co-polymers that have been guarded by patents....
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...1989), Ca-alginate (Moresi et al. 1991; Rao and Panda 1994), cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (Rao and Panda 1994), and polyurethane foam (PUF; Vassilev et al....
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...A wide variety of cheaper carbohydrate sources including sugarcane molasses, beet molasses, grape must, banana must, and paper waste have been proposed as substrates for GA production with 85–95% yield (Kundu and Das 1984; Roukas and Harvey 1988; Buzzini et al. 1993; Rao et al. 1994; Rao and Panda 1994; Singh et al. 2003, 2005; Ikeda et al. 2006; Singh and Singh 2006)....
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TL;DR: The results presented in this paper show the potential for using immobilized T. turnirae cells in Ca-alginate for the production of a novel alkaline protease.
Abstract: The conditions for immobilizing the new alkaline protease-producing bacteria strain Teredinobacter turnirae by entrapment in calcium alginate gel were investigated. The influence of alginate concentration (20, 25 and 30 g/l) and initial cell loading (ICL) on enzyme production were studied. The production of alkaline protease improved significantly with increasing alginate concentration and reached a maximum enzyme yield of 8000 U/ml at 25 g/l alginate concentration. This was about 176.8% higher than that obtained by free cells (2890 U/ml). The immobilized cells produced alkaline protease consistently over 5 repeated cycles and reached a maximal value of 9000 U/ml on the third cycle. This was 311.4% (3.11-fold) as compared with the control (free cells). Simple mass balance analysis was applied to describe the growth and the protease production behaviour of both fractions the cells in free form and the entrapped in Ca-alginate beads. Scanning electron microscope studies indicated the internal distribution pattern of the cells encapsulated in Ca-alginate beads. The results presented in this paper show the potential for using immobilized T. turnirae cells in Ca-alginate for the production of a novel alkaline protease.
62 citations
Cites result from "Comparative analysis of different w..."
...The positive effect of increasing cell loading, which led to improve enzyme yield was the same results obtained for the production of gluconic acid by Aspergillus niger immobilized in Caalginate beads (Rao and Panda, 1994)....
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TL;DR: The overall optimized operating conditions given by the GP‐GA method, when verified experimentally resulted in a significant improvement in the gluconic acid yield.
Abstract: This article presents two hybrid strategies for the modeling and optimization of the glucose to gluconic acid batch bioprocess. In the hybrid approaches, first a novel artificial intelligence formalism, namely, genetic programming (GP), is used to develop a process model solely from the historic process input-output data. In the next step, the input space of the GP-based model, representing process operating conditions, is optimized using two stochastic optimization (SO) formalisms, viz., genetic algorithms (GAs) and simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA). These SO formalisms possess certain unique advantages over the commonly used gradient-based optimization techniques. The principal advantage of the GP-GA and GP-SPSA hybrid techniques is that process modeling and optimization can be performed exclusively from the process input-output data without invoking the detailed knowledge of the process phenomenology. The GP-GA and GP-SPSA techniques have been employed for modeling and optimization of the glucose to gluconic acid bioprocess, and the optimized process operating conditions obtained thereby have been compared with those obtained using two other hybrid modeling-optimization paradigms integrating artificial neural networks (ANNs) and GA/SPSA formalisms. Finally, the overall optimized operating conditions given by the GP-GA method, when verified experimentally resulted in a significant improvement in the gluconic acid yield. The hybrid strategies presented here are generic in nature and can be employed for modeling and optimization of a wide variety of batch and continuous bioprocesses.
31 citations
Cites background from "Comparative analysis of different w..."
...Producing gluconic acid by immobilized enzymes is a costly and cumbersome process owing to the difficulties in the immobilization and separation steps; additional difficulties are encountered as a result of denaturization of the enzyme (Rao et al., 1994)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of gamma-irradiation on the most potent fungal isolates and the fermentation conditions as pH, incubation temperature and incubation period was also investigated.
27 citations
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25,389 citations
TL;DR: A continuous process with immobilized cells was developed and only a small loss of enzyme activity (less than 5%) was evident after 120 h and good separation of sorbitol and gluconic acid was achieved.
Abstract: The production of sorbitol and gluconic acid by toluene-treated, permeabilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis has been evaluated. From a 60% total sugar solution (300 g/l glucose and 300 g/l fructose), a sorbitol concentration of 290 g/l and a gluconic acid concentration of 283 g/l were achieved after 15 h in a batch process using free toluene-treated cells. A continuous process with immobilized cells was developed and only a small loss of enzyme activity (less than 5%) was evident after 120 h. With a strongly basic anion exchange resin and an eluent of 0.11 M Na2B4O7/0.11 M H3BO3, good separation of sorbitol and gluconic acid was achieved.
87 citations
81 citations
TL;DR: Mycelium ofAspergillus niger containing glucose oxidase and catalase has been permeabilized with an organic solvent and entrapped by a thin layer of excessCatalase to increase the stability of the twoenzyme system.
Abstract: Mycelium ofAspergillus niger containing glucose oxidase and catalase has been permeabilized with an organic solvent and entrapped by a thin layer of excess catalase. Thus, the stability of the twoenzyme system was increased. Some characteristics of the co-immobilized system are given. Laboratory trials for gluconate production with hydrogen peroxide addition for oxygen supply have been carried out successfully.
21 citations
TL;DR: The yield of gluconic acid was influenced more by a combination of metal ions rather than individual ions, and potassium ferrocyanide treatment gave the most promising results compared to other treatment techniques.
Abstract: Gluconic acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger has been investigated using untreated and treated Indian cane molasses. The yield of gluconic acid was found to be reduced using an untreated molasses medium compared to a defined medium. Hence, molasses was subjected to various pretreatment techniques. Pretreatment reduced the levels of various cations and anions. As the synthesis of gluconic acid has been observed to be influenced more by cations than anions, the effect of various metal ions, viz., copper, iron, zinc, manganese, calcium, and magnesium on the yield of gluconic acid has been critically examined in both untreated and treated cane molasses. These results have been compared with a defined medium. The yield of gluconic acid was influenced more by a combination of metal ions rather than individual ions. Potassium ferrocyanide treatment gave the most promising results compared to other treatment techniques.
16 citations