Comparative chlorine requirements of different plant species
01 May 1957-Plant and Soil (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague/Kluwer Academic Publishers)-Vol. 8, Iss: 4, pp 337-353
Abstract: Recognition of chlorine as a plant micronutrient has been extended to include ten species. Acute chlorine deficiencies or decreased yields were produced with lettuce, tomato, cabbage, carrot, sugar beet, barley, alfalfa, buckwheat, corn, and beans. Squash plants showed neither loss in yield nor other deficiency symptoms when cultured at the same time and under the same conditions as the aforementioned species. All plants acquired more chlorine during their growth than can be accounted for from seeds, inorganic salts, or water used in the experiments. Plant species least susceptible to injury when cultured upon low chlorine salt solutions were also the ones most capable of acquiring extrinsic chlorine. Of the species studied, lettuce was the most sensitive to “minus chlorine” culture solutions and squash, the least sensitive. However, the concentration of chlorine in all of the species cultured under limited chlorine supply was not greatly different. It is inferred that plants such as corn, beans, and squash survived the “minus chlorine” cultures by reason of greater accretion of extrinsic chlorine from the atmosphere. The form of the atmospherically borne chlorine is not known.
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TL;DR: PHR1-binding sequences are present in the promoter of Pi starvation-responsive structural genes, indicating that this protein acts downstream in the Pi starvation signaling pathway.
Abstract: Plants have evolved a number of adaptive responses to cope with growth in conditions of limited phosphate (Pi) supply involving biochemical, metabolic, and developmental changes. We prepared an EMS-mutagenized M(2) population of an Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic line harboring a reporter gene specifically responsive to Pi starvation (AtIPS1::GUS), and screened for mutants altered in Pi starvation regulation. One of the mutants, phr1 (phosphate starvation response 1), displayed reduced response of AtIPS1::GUS to Pi starvation, and also had a broad range of Pi starvation responses impaired, including the responsiveness of various other Pi starvation-induced genes and metabolic responses, such as the increase in anthocyanin accumulation. PHR1 was positionally cloned and shown be related to the PHOSPHORUS STARVATION RESPONSE 1 (PSR1) gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A GFP::PHR1 protein fusion was localized in the nucleus independently of Pi status, as is the case for PSR1. PHR1 is expressed in Pi sufficient conditions and, in contrast to PSR1, is only weakly responsive to Pi starvation. PHR1, PSR1, and other members of the protein family share a MYB domain and a predicted coiled-coil (CC) domain, defining a subtype within the MYB superfamily, the MYB-CC family. Therefore, PHR1 was found to bind as a dimer to an imperfect palindromic sequence. PHR1-binding sequences are present in the promoter of Pi starvation-responsive structural genes, indicating that this protein acts downstream in the Pi starvation signaling pathway.
1,103 citations
TL;DR: This review of mineral nutrients shall not be considering two most important, but frequently reviewed, aspects of the subject, namely biological fixation of N/sub 2/ and its assimilation and mechanisms of membrane transport.
Abstract: Broadly, the approach which researchers have adopted in this review has been to ask the following questions about mineral nutrients: What properties make them essential. How are they obtained. How effectively are they used. We shall not be considering two most important, but frequently reviewed, aspects of the subject, namely biological fixation of N/sub 2/ and its assimilation and mechanisms of membrane transport.
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TL;DR: This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge of micronutrients in plants and presents some new speculations on the mechanisms ofmicronutrient uptake and translocation in plants.
Abstract: Currently, there are eight trace elements considered to be essential for higher plants, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, B, Mo, and Cl. Possibly, other elements will be discovered to be essential because of recent advances in nutrient solution culture techniques and in the commercial availability of highly sensitive analytical instrumentation for elemental analysis. Much remains to be learned about the physiology of micronutrient absorption, translocation and deposition in plants, and about the functions they perform in plant growth and development. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge of micronutrients in plants and than presents some new speculations on the mechanisms of micronutrient uptake and translocation in plants.
641 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the role of non-stomata1 effects at the chloroplast level, with electron transport and phosphorylation being main targets of inhibition.
Abstract: Under drought, CO2 assimilation rates decrease already at small leaf water deficits. At least part of the inhibition is attributed to non-stomata1 effects at the chloroplast level, with electron transport and phosphorylation being main targets of inhibition. These findings are questioned by direct measurements of photosynthetic capacity with systems that are not Limited by stomata, e.g. leaf slices in solution or leaves at ex-ternal CO2 concentrations exceeding 5%. Here, photosynthesis was rather insensitive to dehydration down to 50–70% relative water content, and different plant species re-sponded in a very similar way. More severe dehydration affected not only pboto-synthesis, but also dark CO2 fixation and presumably also photorespiration. Rever-sible and unspecific inhibition is thought to be mediated mainly by increased concen-trations of solutes in dehydrated cells. Inhibition of photorespiration might favour photoinhibition when long-term water stress is coupled with full sunlight. Photo-inhibition, together with general senescence phenomena might be involved in long-term effects of water stress under natural drought conditions. This offers an explanation for the conflicting results of short-term water stress experiments and studies carried out under field conditions.
593 citations
TL;DR: This paper showed that PHR1 and PHL1 are partially redundant transcription factors acting as central integrators of starvation responses, both specific and generic, and they indicate that transcriptional repression responses are an integral part of adaptive responses to stress.
Abstract: Plants respond to different stresses by inducing or repressing transcription of partially overlapping sets of genes. In Arabidopsis, the PHR1 transcription factor (TF) has an important role in the control of phosphate (Pi) starvation stress responses. Using transcriptomic analysis of Pi starvation in phr1, and phr1 phr1-like (phl1) mutants and in wild type plants, we show that PHR1 in conjunction with PHL1 controls most transcriptional activation and repression responses to phosphate starvation, regardless of the Pi starvation specificity of these responses. Induced genes are enriched in PHR1 binding sequences (P1BS) in their promoters, whereas repressed genes do not show such enrichment, suggesting that PHR1(-like) control of transcriptional repression responses is indirect. In agreement with this, transcriptomic analysis of a transgenic plant expressing PHR1 fused to the hormone ligand domain of the glucocorticoid receptor showed that PHR1 direct targets (i.e., displaying altered expression after GR:PHR1 activation by dexamethasone in the presence of cycloheximide) corresponded largely to Pi starvation-induced genes that are highly enriched in P1BS. A minimal promoter containing a multimerised P1BS recapitulates Pi starvation-specific responsiveness. Likewise, mutation of P1BS in the promoter of two Pi starvation-responsive genes impaired their responsiveness to Pi starvation, but not to other stress types. Phylogenetic footprinting confirmed the importance of P1BS and PHR1 in Pi starvation responsiveness and indicated that P1BS acts in concert with other cis motifs. All together, our data show that PHR1 and PHL1 are partially redundant TF acting as central integrators of Pi starvation responses, both specific and generic. In addition, they indicate that transcriptional repression responses are an integral part of adaptive responses to stress.
549 citations
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179 citations
TL;DR: Direct effects of Na on sugar beet growth in field experiments have been reported for muck soils by Harmer and Benne and Harmer et al, for sand cultures by Tullin, and for table beets in pot experiments with soils by Larson and Pierre.
Abstract: Chlorine, sodium and silicon have long been considered as elements that are possibly essential to the growth and development of sugar beets and other plants. Of these elements Cl has been found just recently by Broyer et al (2) to correct a severe nutritional deficiency of the tomato plant when grown in low halide culture solutions. Raleigh (28) observed enhanced growth of table beets in culture solutions supplied with NaCl instead of Na2SO4 as the source of Na. However, no symptoms attributable to a Cl deficiency were reported by him. Crowther (6) noted that sugar beet plants wilted less when Na was applied as NaCl than when supplied as Na2SO4. Significant responses to chloride additions were observed in nutrient solutions by Lipman (21) for buckwheat, by Eaton (7) for tomatoes and cotton, and bv Kretschmer et al (16) for lima bean fruit. As for Br, it has not been considered as a nutrient favorable to plant growth, even though it has been used repeatedly in ion absorption studies by many investigators for many years. Much has been written about Na in terms of direct and indirect effects upon plant growth (5, 9, 10, 19, 20, 23). As an indirect factor of growth the beneficial effects of Na applications to the soil have been explained frequently as a release of K from the soil, or as promoting better root development (5). These phenomena have been considered of special importance in meeting the K requirements of plants on soils low in K. Quite often too the growth of plants has been increased by the addition of Na salts to soils (4, 5, 8, 17, 36) or to nutrient solutions low in K (12, 24, 35). When plants are high in K, Na responses have been observed (12, 18, 31) but most often these are much reduced or not at all in evidence (4, 17, 18, 22, 35). Direct effects of Na on sugar beet growth in field experiments have been reported for muck soils by Harmer and Benne (9) and Harmer et al (10), for sand cultures by Tullin (32), and for table beets in pot experiments with soils by Larson and Pierre (18). Sodium deficiency symptoms have been reported (32) or described (9) in only a few instances and so far no specific function of Na, not performed by K, has been recorded (17, 19). Yet for the beet, \"sodium may almost be deemed an indispensable nutrient element, approaching potassium in importance\" (19). Silicon, when added as a silicate to soils, has been
41 citations
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, plants were cultured in purified inorganic salt solutions and with filtered glass-house air to reduce contamination by chlorine, and top yields of tomato and clover respectively were reduced by over 80 per cent when insufficient chlorine was supplied.
Abstract: Plants were cultured in purified inorganic salt solutions and with filtered glass-house air to reduce contamination by chlorine. Leaf and top yields of tomato and clover respectively were reduced by over 80 per cent. when insufficient chlorine was supplied.
26 citations