Comparative Cultivation and Biochemical Analysis of Iceberg Lettuce Grown in Sand Soil and Hydroponics With or Without Microbubbles and Macrobubbles
01 Mar 2021-Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (Springer International Publishing)-Vol. 21, Iss: 1, pp 389-403
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared three different hydroponic systems (hydroponic with microbubbles or macro-bubbles and sand soil) and found the best system with the lowest cost and high production of low-water plants.
Abstract: Freshwater resources comprise only 2.5–2.75% of all water on the Earth, 1.75–2% from them are frozen. We urgently desperately need to conserve water and find an effective alternative agriculture system. Other techniques-agricultural practices and food sources must be used to avoid disasters. We aimed to compare two farming systems (hydroponic with microbubbles or macrobubbles and sand soil) and to find the best system with the lowest cost and high production of low-water plants. We used three hydroponic system: (i) without the application of bubbles (T1), (ii) with the application of microbubbles (T2), (iii) macrobubbles (T3), and the conventional cultivation-based soil (T4). The results show significant differences in the morphological and biochemical parameters of lettuce plants grown in the hydroponic system and conventional cultivation-based soil. The morphological characteristic, chlorophyll, phenol, flavonoid content, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, mineral content, and dissolved oxygen were significantly greater in plants grown in the microbubble hydroponic system. In addition, total soluble sugars, proline, and MDA content were significantly greater in plants grown in sand soil (T4) as compared to the plants grown in different hydroponic systems (T1, T2, T3). The results show that the water consumed in the hydroponic system is lower than used in sandy soil. Our findings suggest that the hydroponic system can increase income and reduce the amount of water consumed; therefore, plants grown in hydroponic systems with microbubbles have achieved the best plant growth, secondary metabolites, and antioxidants compared to plants grown in other systems.
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28 Feb 2021
TL;DR: In 2019, distinct virus-like symptoms were observed in the Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate in Egypt in naturally infected eggplants as discussed by the authors, and the AMV-Eggplant-EG was suspected of to be involved in this disease.
Abstract: During the spring of 2019, distinct virus-like symptoms were observed in the Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate in Egypt in naturally infected eggplants. Leaves of affected plants showed interveinal leaf chlorosis, net yellow, chlorotic sectors, mottling, blisters, vein enation, necrotic intervention, and narrowing symptoms. The Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was suspected of to be involved in this disease. Forty plant samples from symptomatic eggplants and 10 leaf samples with no symptoms were collected. The samples were tested by double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) using AMV-IgG. Six of the 40 symptomatic leaf samples tested positive for AMV, while, DAS-ELISA found no AMV in the 10 leaf samples without symptoms. The AMV Egyptian isolate (AMV-Eggplant-EG) was biologically isolated from the six positive samples tested by DAS-ELISA and from the similar local lesions induced on Chenopodium amaranticolor and then re-inoculated in healthy Solanum melongena as a source of AMV-Eggplant-EG and confirmed by DAS-ELISA. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay with a pair of primers specific for coat protein (CP) encoding RNA 3 of AMV yielded an amplicon of 666 bp from infected plants of Solanum melongena with AMV-Eggplant-EG. The amplified PCR product was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the AMV-Eggplant-EG sequence revealed 666 nucleotides (nt) of the complete CP gene (translating 221 amino acid (aa) residues). Analysis of phylogeny for nt and deduced aa sequences of the CP gene using the maximum parsimony method clustered AMV-Eggplant-EG in the lineage of Egyptian isolates (shark-EG, mans-EG, CP2-EG, and FRE-EG) with a high bootstrap value of 88% and 92%, respectively. In addition to molecular studies, melatonin (MTL) and salicylic acid (SA) (100 μM) were used to increase the resistance of eggplant to AMV- infection. Foliar spray with MLT and SA caused a significant increase in the morphological criteria (shoot, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, and leaf biomass), chlorophyll and carotenoid content, antioxidant enzymes, and gene expression of some enzymes compared to the infected plants. On the other hand, treatment with MLT and SA reduced the oxidative damage caused by AMV through the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, and malondialdehyde. In conclusion, MLT and SA are eco-friendly compounds and can be used as antiviral compounds.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the role of isolated bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, in alleviating the harmful effects of salt stress was investigated.
Abstract: Approximately 6% of the world's total land area and 20% of the irrigated land are affected by salt stress. Egypt is one such country affected by salt-stress problems. This paper focuses on the role of isolated bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, in alleviating the harmful effects of salt stress. The results show that the irrigation of plants with different concentrations of saline water (0, 75, and 150 mM NaCl) leads to significantly decreased growth criteria, photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chl a, chl b, and carotenoids), and membrane stability index (MSI) values. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione content, endogenous proline, the antioxidant defense system, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content, ACC synthase (ACS), ACC oxidase (ACO), and Na+ content were significantly increased under NaCl-stress exposure. On the contrary, treatment with endophytic bacteria significantly increased the resistance of pea plants to salt stress by increasing the enzymatic antioxidant defenses (i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase), non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses (i.e., glutathione), osmolyte substances such as proline, and antioxidant enzyme gene expression. As a result, endophytic bacteria's use was significantly higher compared to control values for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid GA3, MSI, and photosynthetic pigments. The use of endophytic bacteria significantly decreased Na+ accumulation while, at the same time, promoting K+ uptake. In conclusion, the induction of endophytic bacterium-induced salt tolerance in pea plants depends primarily on the effect of endophytic bacteria on osmoregulation, the antioxidant capacity, and ion uptake adjustment by limiting the uptake of Na+ and, alternatively, increasing the accumulation of K+ in plant tissue.
45 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the capacity of ZnO-NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) to trigger tomato plant resistance against ToMV was explored, and the effects of NPs on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth indices and antioxidant defense system activity under TOMV stress were investigated.
Abstract: Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is one of the economically damageable Tobamovirus infecting the tomato in Egypt that has caused significant losses. It is therefore of great interest to trigger systemic resistance to ToMV. In this endeavor, we aimed to explore the capacity of ZnO-NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) to trigger tomato plant resistance against ToMV. Effects of ZnO-NPs on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth indices and antioxidant defense system activity under ToMV stress were investigated. Noticeably that treatment with ZnO-NPs showed remarkably increased growth indices, photosynthetic attributes, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants compared to the challenge control. Interestingly, oxidative damage caused by ToMV was reduced by reducing malondialdehyde, H2O2, and O2 levels. Overall, ZnO-NPs offer a safe and economic antiviral agent against ToMV.
42 citations
TL;DR: The objective of this review is to collect information about the role of seaweeds on nutritional, pharmacological, industrial, and biochemical applications, as well as their impact on human health.
Abstract: Since ancient times, seaweeds have been employed as source of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that could act as key medicinal components. Furthermore, research into the biological activity of certain seaweed compounds has progressed significantly, with an emphasis on their composition and application for human and animal nutrition. Seaweeds have many uses: they are consumed as fodder, and have been used in medicines, cosmetics, energy, fertilizers, and industrial agar and alginate biosynthesis. The beneficial effects of seaweed are mostly due to the presence of minerals, vitamins, phenols, polysaccharides, and sterols, as well as several other bioactive compounds. These compounds seem to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic activities. Recent advances and limitations for seaweed bioactive as a nutraceutical in terms of bioavailability are explored in order to better comprehend their therapeutic development. To further understand the mechanism of action of seaweed chemicals, more research is needed as is an investigation into their potential usage in pharmaceutical companies and other applications, with the ultimate objective of developing sustainable and healthier products. The objective of this review is to collect information about the role of seaweeds on nutritional, pharmacological, industrial, and biochemical applications, as well as their impact on human health.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of trichoderma, biochar, and combination on Spinach plants under salt stress conditions was investigated, and the authors concluded that salinity is among the most significant threats hindering global food security.
Abstract: Salinity is among the most significant threats hindering global food security. The impact of Trichoderma, biochar, and combination on Spinach plants under salt stress conditions was investigated. O...
38 citations
References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Procedures are described for measuring protein in solution or after precipitation with acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 gamma of protein.
289,852 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple colorimetric determination of proline in the 0.1 to 36.0 μmoles/g range of fresh weight leaf material was presented.
Abstract: Proline, which increases proportionately faster than other amino acids in plants under water stress, has been suggested as an evaluating parameter for irrigation scheduling and for selecting drought-resistant varieties. The necessity to analyze numerous samples from multiple replications of field grown materials prompted the development of a simple, rapid colorimetric determination of proline. The method detected proline in the 0.1 to 36.0 μmoles/g range of fresh weight leaf material.
15,328 citations
01 Jan 1950
11,668 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the spectral characteristics and absorption coefficients of chlorophylls, pheophytins, and carotenoids were analyzed using a two-beam spectrophotometer.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents detailed information on chlorophylls and carotenoids to give practical directions toward their quantitative isolation and determination in extracts from leaves, chloroplasts, thylakoid particles, and pigment proteins. The chapter focuses on the spectral characteristics and absorption coefficients of chlorophylls, pheophytins, and carotenoids, which are the basis for establishing equations to quantitatively determine them. Therefore, the specific absorption coefficients of the pigments are re-evaluated. This is achieved by using a two-beam spectrophotometer of the new generation, which allows programmed automatic recording and printing out of the proper wavelengths and absorbancy values. Several procedures have been developed for the separation of the photosynthetic pigments, including column (CC), paper (PC), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). All chloroplast carotenoids exhibit a typical absorption spectrum that is characterized by three absorption maxima (violaxanthin, neoxanthin) or two maxima with one shoulder (lutein and β-carotene) in the blue spectral region.
10,367 citations
TL;DR: The autoxidation of pyrogallol was investigated in the presence of EDTA in the pH range 7.9–10.6, indicating an almost total dependence on the participation of the superoxide anion radical, O2·−, in the reaction.
Abstract: The autoxidation of pyrogallol was investigated in the presence of EDTA in the pH range 7.9–10.6.
The rate of autoxidation increases with increasing pH. At pH 7.9 the reaction is inhibited to 99% by superoxide dismutase, indicating an almost total dependence on the participation of the superoxide anion radical, O2·−, in the reaction. Up to pH 9.1 the reaction is still inhibited to over 90% by superoxide dismutase, but at higher alkalinity, O2·− -independent mechanisms rapidly become dominant.
Catalase has no effect on the autoxidation but decreases the oxygen consumption by half, showing that H2O2 is the stable product of oxygen and that H2O2 is not involved in the autoxidation mechanism.
A simple and rapid method for the assay of superoxide dismutase is described, based on the ability of the enzyme to inhibit the autoxidation of pyrogallol.
A plausible explanation is given for the non-competitive part of the inhibition of catechol O-methyltransferase brought about by pyrogallol.
9,030 citations