Journal Article•
Comparative effects of prolonged rotation at 10 rpm on postural equilibrium in vestibular normal and vestibular defective human subjects.
23 Mar 1965-Research report. Naval School of Aviation Medicine (Res Rep U S Nav Sch Aviat Med)-Vol. 15, pp 1-29
TL;DR: Two contrasting groups of subjects were studied to determine quantitatively to what extent two visually-enhanced postural equilibrium test performances of labyrinthine defective subjects on a single rail of optimum difficulty become disturbed along the time axis of rotation.
Abstract: Comparative effects of prolonged rotation at 10 rpm on postural equilibrium in vestibular normal and vestibular defective human subjects
Citations
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TL;DR: Path integration, place cells, and head direction cells are described along with implications for using immersive virtual environments for training geographic spatial knowledge of real environments and for studying and modeling postural mechanisms.
Abstract: The control and perception of body orientation and motion are subserved by multiple sensory and motor mechanisms ranging from relatively simple, peripheral mechanisms to complex ones involving the highest levels of cognitive function and sensory-motor integration. Vestibular contributions to body orientation and to spatial localization of auditory and visual stimuli have long been recognized. These contributions are reviewed here along with new insights relating to sensory-motor calibration of the body gained from space flight, parabolic flight, and artificial gravity environments. Recently recognized contributions of proprioceptive and somatosensory signals to the appreciation of body orientation and configuration are described. New techniques for stabilizing posture by means of haptic touch and for studying and modeling postural mechanisms are reviewed. Path integration, place cells, and head direction cells are described along with implications for using immersive virtual environments for training geographic spatial knowledge of real environments.
260 citations
Cites background from "Comparative effects of prolonged ro..."
...…in slow rotation rooms in the 1960s suggested that 5 rpm was the highest rate of rotation at which people could fully adapt to the vestibular stimulation encountered (Clark & Graybiel 1961; Fregly & Kennedy 1965; Graybiel et al. 1960, 1965; Guedry et al. 1962, 1964; Kennedy & Graybiel 1962)....
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TL;DR: A portable, automated postural assessment system is developed that can be employed before and after exposure to a virtual reality (VR) system in order to certify that a user's balance on exiting the system is at least demonstrably as good as it was on entering.
Abstract: Exposure to virtual environments often causes users to experience symptoms of motion sickness. An accessory manifestation of motion sickness symptoms is postural disequilibrium. If the postural disequilibrium that occurs persists beyond the time an individual is within the confines of the laboratory or system site, user safety could be compromised and products liability issues could be forthcoming. In this study, a portable, automated postural assessment system is developed that can be employed before and after exposure to a virtual reality (VR) system in order to certify that a user's balance on exiting the system is at least demonstrably as good as it was on entering. It is argued that if the “coming out” balance performance is sufficiently poorer than the “going in” balance, then the user should be retained until the pretest balance performance is regained. The results from a set of normative and validation experiments on postural equilibrium identified several reliable measures of stance that could se...
162 citations
TL;DR: The prevalent theories of the genesis of this malady are put forth and an integrating theory, which suggests that simulator sickness is a form of motion sickness and may be best understood as a special case of sensory conflict, is proposed.
Abstract: Simulator sickness has implications for training and safety because as many incidents of simulator sickness have been reported since 1980 as in all the previous time. The signs and symptoms, stimulus and response characteristics, anatomical structures, and susceptibility factors of simulator sickness are reviewed. The prevalent theories of the genesis of this malady are put forth and an integrating theory, which suggests that simulator sickness is a form of motion sickness and may be best understood as a special case of sensory conflict, is proposed. Sensory conflict is a useful principle in the study of simulator sickness because the malady is clearly polygenic and polysymptomatic. Therefore it may be argued that greater conflict leads to more severe and greater incidence of sickness. Evaluations that will lead to recommendations for preventing the problem, guidelines for predicting the outcome, and suggestions for future research may be planned.
73 citations
Cites background from "Comparative effects of prolonged ro..."
...postural changes, or ataxia, sometimes referred to as "leans" or "staggers" (16,17)....
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01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: The designation of vestibular ataxia as a distinct phenomenon hinges upon reliable evidence of a person’s limited ability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements while walking or standing due to the absence, disturbance or loss of function of the Vestibular apparatus per se.
Abstract: The designation of vestibular ataxia as a distinct phenomenon1 hinges upon reliable evidence of a person’s limited ability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements while walking or standing due to the absence, disturbance or loss of function of the vestibular apparatus per se. One probably distinct and well-known qualitative characteristic of such an ataxia is the difficulty experienced by individuals with extensive loss of labyrinthine functions in walking at night or in darkness. This particular form of vestibular ataxia can be recognized readily in the laboratory or clinic when such individuals attempt to walk tandemly (heel-to-toe) with eyes closed.
63 citations
TL;DR: This conceptual model "explains" why motion sickness is associated with adaptation to novel environments and is in general consistent with motion sickness literature.
40 citations
References
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01 Aug 1965
TL;DR: Ataxia test battery to assess postural equilibrium under rotating conditions and for use in testing vestibular apparatus was used in this article, where the battery was used to evaluate postural equilibria.
Abstract: Ataxia test battery to assess postural equilibrium under rotating conditions and for use in testing vestibular apparatus
117 citations
TL;DR: A new stressful procedure and the constellation of symptoms manifested by persons subjected to this stress, which consists essentially of carrying out activities in a slowly rotating room, has additional usefulness as a means of investigating certain aspects of the brain stem-activating system.
Abstract: This report describes a new stressful procedure and the constellation of symptoms manifested by persons subjected to this stress. The procedure consists essentially of carrying out activities in a slowly rotating room. The symptoms most nearly resemble those observed in motion sickness, 4,15,22 but certain similarities are also seen when comparison is made with the symptomatology in vasodepressor states, 5,21 in anxiety and depressive states, in sleep, and, indeed, in various disturbances characterized by psychosomatic symptoms. 20 Inasmuch as the symptoms are the direct or indirect result of stimulation of the semicircular canals, the most precise term covering the general symptomatology is probably "canal sickness." 8 Although the procedure is specifically applicable to studies of the function of the semicircular canals, it has additional usefulness as a means of investigating certain aspects of the brain stem-activating system. 3,6,10,11,14,17 The extraordinary flexibility of the procedure in terms of both the strength
111 citations
TL;DR: This report represents a further step in defining the reliability and validity of counter-rolling as a functional test of the otolith organs by comparing measurements obtained from a group of healthy persons with those from a carefully selected group of subjects with labyrinthine defects.
Abstract: Recent reports':" from this laboratory have reviewed the literature on counter-rolling of the eyes as a function of body tilt, described new techniques for measurement of the roll, and discussed its significance as a test of otolith function. This report represents a further step in defining the reliability and validity of counter-rolling as a functional test of the otolith organs by comparing measurements obtained from a group of healthy persons with those from a carefully selected group of subjects with labyrinthine defects.
54 citations
01 Nov 1962
TL;DR: Study of reduction of nystagmus, disorientation and nausea in human subjects living for several days in slowly rotating room shows clear signs of reduction.
Abstract: Study of reduction of nystagmus, disorientation and nausea in human subjects living for several days in slowly rotating room
16 citations
01 Jan 1965
TL;DR: Comparison of vestibular effects in man in several rotating environments - head movement, canal stimulation, and nystagmus shows clear trends in both head movement and canal stimulation.
Abstract: Comparison of vestibular effects in man in several rotating environments - head movement, canal stimulation, and nystagmus
8 citations