Comparative toxicity of selected insecticides to pea plants and growth promotion in response to insecticide-tolerant and plant growth promoting Rhizobium leguminosarum
TL;DR: Of the various concentrations of the two insecticides, pyriproxyfen showed comparatively more severe toxicity to pea plants by decreasing plant biomass, symbiotic attributes, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) uptake, seed yield and grain protein over the uninoculated control.
About: This article is published in Crop Protection.The article was published on 2010-04-01. It has received 48 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Plant nutrition & Shoot.
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TL;DR: The latest paradigms of applicability of these beneficial rhizobacteria in different agro-ecosystems have been presented comprehensively under both normal and stress conditions to highlight the recent trends with the aim to develop future insights.
1,630 citations
Cites background or methods from "Comparative toxicity of selected in..."
...…plant growth and development under various stresses like hea- vy metals (Ma et al., 2011a,b; Wani and Khan, 2010), herbicides (Ahemad and Khan, 2011l; Ahemad and Khan, 2010g), insecticides (Ahemad and Khan 2011h,k), fungicides (Ahemad and Khan, 2012f; Ahemad and Khan, 2011j), salinity (Mayak et…...
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...Though, PSB are commonly found in most soils; their establishment and performances are severely affected by envi- ronmental factors especially under stress conditions (Ahemad and Khan, 2012a,e; Ahemad and Khan, 2010a,b)....
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...…content, leghaemoglobin, root N, shoot N, root P, shoot P, seed yield and seed protein Ahemad and Khan (2012e), Ahemad and Khan (2011k) and Ahemad and Khan (2010d) Bradyrhizobium MRM6 Greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) wilczek) Pots When herbicide tolerant Rhizobium strain MRP1 was used with…...
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...…and leghaemoglobin content), amount of N and P nutrients in plant organs, seed yield and seed protein of pea plants Ahemad and Khan (2011i), Ahemad and Khan (2010c) and Ahemad and Khan (2009b) Rhizobium phaseoli Vigna radiata L. Pots In the presence of tryptophan, Rhizobium mitigated the…...
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...However, the beneficial effects of the inoculation with PSB used alone (Ahemad and Khan, 2012e; Ahemad and Khan, 2011k; Ahemad and Khan, 2010d; Poonguzhali et al., 2008; Chen Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Current perspective 13 et al., 2008) or in combination…...
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01 Aug 2015
TL;DR: This review summarizes the PGP related research and its benefits, and highlights the benefits of PGP rhizobia belonging to the family Rhizobiaceae, Phyllobacteriaceae and Bradyrhizobi Families.
Abstract: Modern agriculture faces challenges, such as loss of soil fertility, fluctuating climatic factors and increasing pathogen and pest attacks. Sustainability and environmental safety of agricultural production relies on eco-friendly approaches like biofertilizers, biopesticides and crop residue return. The multiplicity of beneficial effects of microbial inoculants, particularly plant growth promoters (PGP), emphasizes the need for further strengthening the research and their use in modern agriculture. PGP inhabit the rhizosphere for nutrients from plant root exudates. By reaction, they help in (1) increased plant growth through soil nutrient enrichment by nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and phytohormones production (2) increased plant protection by influencing cellulase, protease, lipase and β-1,3 glucanase productions and enhance plant defense by triggering induced systemic resistance through lipopolysaccharides, flagella, homoserine lactones, acetoin and butanediol against pests and pathogens. In addition, the PGP microbes contain useful variation for tolerating abiotic stresses like extremes of temperature, pH, salinity and drought; heavy metal and pesticide pollution. Seeking such tolerant PGP microbes is expected to offer enhanced plant growth and yield even under a combination of stresses. This review summarizes the PGP related research and its benefits, and highlights the benefits of PGP rhizobia belonging to the family Rhizobiaceae, Phyllobacteriaceae and Bradyrhizobiaceae.
381 citations
Additional excerpts
...…200, 400, and 600 mg/kg soil Pot experiments Enhanced the biomass, nodulation, leghaemoglobin content, root and shoot N, root and shoot P, seed yield and seed protein Ahemad and Khan (2009b, 2010a, 2011f)Pyriproxyfen 1,300, 2,600, and 3,900 mg/kg soil Rhizobium MRP1 Rhizobium MRL3...
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review focusing on the toxic effect of heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn)) and pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) adversely influencing the agricultural ecosystem (plant and soil) and human health is presented.
Abstract: Environmental problems have always received immense attention from scientists. Toxicants pollution is a critical environmental concern that has posed serious threats to human health and agricultural production. Heavy metals and pesticides are top of the list of environmental toxicants endangering nature. This review focuses on the toxic effect of heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn)) and pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) adversely influencing the agricultural ecosystem (plant and soil) and human health. Furthermore, heavy metals accumulation and pesticide residues in soils and plants have been discussed in detail. In addition, the characteristics of contaminated soil and plant physiological parameters have been reviewed. Moreover, human diseases caused by exposure to heavy metals and pesticides were also reported. The bioaccumulation, mechanism of action, and transmission pathways of both heavy metals and pesticides are emphasized. In addition, the bioavailability in soil and plant uptake of these contaminants has also been considered. Meanwhile, the synergistic and antagonistic interactions between heavy metals and pesticides and their combined toxic effects have been discussed. Previous relevant studies are included to cover all aspects of this review. The information in this review provides deep insights into the understanding of environmental toxicants and their hazardous effects.
373 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight the different mechanisms of metal resistance and plant growth promotion of metal resistant PGPB as well as the recent development in exploitation of these bacteria in bioremediation of heavy metals in different agroecosystems.
158 citations
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Munees et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a method to improve the performance of the microgrid by using microcomputers and micro-computers, which is called micro-microcomputing.
Abstract: *Corresponding author: Email: muneesmicro@rediffmail.com ; Tel: +91-5712702945; Fax: +91-5712702945
142 citations
Cites methods from "Comparative toxicity of selected in..."
...Plant and soil microbes develop a rhizospheric zone (highly complex symbiotic and synergistic relationships) which is also used as a tool for accelerating the rate of degradation or to remove contaminants [2, 14]....
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References
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01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Soil chemical analysis, Soil Chemical Analysis (SCA), this paper, is a technique for soil chemical analysis that is used in the field of Soil Chemistry and Chemical Engineering.
Abstract: Soil chemical analysis , Soil chemical analysis , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
13,439 citations
TL;DR: During a study of the inactivation of IAA in aqueous solutions, it was frequently necessary to assay at one time many samples where the IAA concentrations were low, or where the degree of significance of small differences in concentrations between experimental unite required evaluation, so it was desirable to re-examine the ferric chloride-sulphuric acid procedure.
Abstract: The wide use of the auxin, indoleacetic acid, in physiological and biochemical experiments has promoted interest in methods for its colorimetrie estimation. Mitchell and Brunstetteb (1) have proposed both the nitrite and the ferric chloride-sulphuric acid tests for the quantitative estimation of indoleacetic acid (IAA) in aqueous solutions, basing their suggested procedures upon a study of optimal reaction conditions for these two reagents. According to them, the nitrite method is sensitive to 10 /tig. IAA/ml. and develops a red color that is stable after two hours. In several attempts to duplicate their nitrite method using solutions of IAA varying from 20 to 45 /tg./ml., we could not obtain a stable red color with IAA at the two hours proposed, or at any other time. A faint pink develops almost immediately which rapidly fades to orange or yellow, depending on IAA concentrations, within i hour. If the concentration of nitrite is reduced, the red color becomes sufficiently persistent to be read. Indole likewise gives a strong, relatively stable, red color in this test (cf. table II)?a reaction which is sometimes used as a qualitative test for indole (Nitroso-Indole reaction). Tang and Bonner (2) have modified the ferric chloride-sulphuric acid method for IAA, combining the iron and sulphuric acid as a single reagent to yield improved sensitivity. However, the color produced is also unstable, rapidly developing and then fading. We have found, as have these workers, that the fading color can be practically dealt with by adopting a standard time between addition of reagent and reading of absorbancy or transmittance. Both of the methods discussed above possess disadvantages, lacking either specificity, sensitivity, or stability of color complex formed. During a study of the inactivation of IAA in aqueous solutions, it was frequently necessary to assay at one time many samples where the IAA concentrations were low, or where the degree of significance of small differences in concentrations between experimental unite required evaluation. Hence, we considered it desirable 'to re-examine the ferric chloride-sulphuric acid procedure. Several alterations have been made which produce a more stable color, of increased specificity, which changes in density more rapidly with variation in IAA concentration. 1. The procedure of Tang and Bonner can be improved somewhat by reading at 15 minutes after addition of reagent (instead of 30 minutes as they suggest), since the transient color reaches a maximum at the former time. Maximum absorption was found to occur at 530 ???.
1,988 citations
TL;DR: The fact that bacteria use this phytohormone to interact with plants as part of their colonization strategy, including phyto-stimulation and circumvention of basal plant defense mechanisms, is highlighted.
Abstract: Diverse bacterial species possess the ability to produce the auxin phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Different biosynthesis pathways have been identified and redundancy for IAA biosynthesis is widespread among plant-associated bacteria. Interactions between IAA-producing bacteria and plants lead to diverse outcomes on the plant side, varying from pathogenesis to phytostimulation. Reviewing the role of bacterial IAA in different microorganism–plant interactions highlights the fact that bacteria use this phytohormone to interact with plants as part of their colonization strategy, including phytostimulation and circumvention of basal plant defense mechanisms. Moreover, several recent reports indicate that IAA can also be a signaling molecule in bacteria and therefore can have a direct effect on bacterial physiology. This review discusses past and recent data, and emerging views on IAA, a well-known phytohormone, as a microbial metabolic and signaling molecule.
1,583 citations
TL;DR: A new assay that differentiates between indoleacetic acid (IAA)-producing and -nonproducing bacteria on a colony plate lift is developed and provides a rapid and convenient method to screen large numbers of bacteria.
Abstract: We have developed a new assay that differentiates between indoleacetic acid (IAA)-producing and -nonproducing bacteria on a colony plate lift. Medium supplemented with 5 mM L-tryptophan is inoculated with isolates of interest, overlaid with a nitrocellulose membrane, and then incubated until bacterial colonies reach 1 to 2 mm in diameter. The membrane is removed to a filter paper saturated with Salkowski reagent and incubated until distinct red haloes form around the colonies. The colorimetric reaction to IAA is limited to a region immediately surrounding each colony, is specific to isolates producing IAA, occurs within 1 h after the membrane is placed in the reagent, and is sensitive to as little as 50 pmol of IAA in a 2-mm2 spot. We have used this assay for quantifying epiphytic and endophytic populations of IAA-producing isolates of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi and for detecting IAA-producing colonies of other pseudomonads and Erwinia herbicola. The assay provides a rapid and convenient method to screen large numbers of bacteria. Images
1,191 citations
TL;DR: To examine the populations of siderophore-producing bacteria colonizing the roots of two grass species that differed in their susceptibility to Fe deficiency, serial dilutions of root samples were inoculated onto CAS agar and several other selective and non-selective culture meida.
Abstract: Siderophores produced by rhizosphere bacteria may enhance plant growth by increasing the availability of Fe near the root or by inhibiting the colonization of roots by plant pathogens or other harmful bacteria. To examine the populations of siderophore-producing bacteria colonizing the roots of two grass species that differed in their susceptibility to Fe deficiency, we inoculated serial dilutions of root samples onto chrome azurol S (CAS) agar and several other selective and non-selective culture meida. CAS agar effectively differentiated bacteria that were capable of excreting large amounts of siderophore, but the composition of the medium limited its usefulness for ecological studies. A large proportion (71–79%) of the bacterial population that grew on a non-selective medium (tryptic soy agar) failed to grow on CAS agar, and several isolates that showed no sign of siderophore production on CAS agar produced siderophore in liquid culture. Similar populations of siderophore-producing bacteria were observed on roots of St. Augustine grass, which frequently exhibits Fe chlorosis, and bermuda grass, which does not. Roots of both grasses were colonized by bacteria that produced siderophore in vitro at concentrations ranging from 100 to 230 μM. The CAS assay solution was also used to compare siderophore production by Pseudomonas fluorescens Q6, an isolate from bermuda grass, and by P. putida B 10, a plant growth-promoting pseudomonad. P. fluorescens Q6 produced 2.4 times more siderophore in vitro than P. putida B 10.
771 citations