Comparison of chromosome damage induced by three zinc compounds using human leukocyte culture.
TL;DR: The degree of chromosome damage induced by three compounds of zinc was compared in human leucocytes in vitro and was directly proportional to the concentrations used for zinc sulfate and zinc acetate but not for zinc chloride.
Abstract: The degree of chromosome damage induced by three compounds of zinc (zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc acetate) was compared in human leucocytes in vitro. Three concentrations of each salt, 3.0×10−5M, 3.0×10−4M, and 1.5×10−3M, were added to leukocyte cultures. The cells were harvested after 48 and 72 h and chromosome spreads were prepared following a colchicine-hypotonic-fixation-air drying-Giemsa staining schedule. The end point screened was chromosome aberrations. All three salts were lethal at the highest concentration. The degree of chromosome damage was directly proportional to the concentrations used for zinc sulfate and zinc acetate but not for zinc chloride.
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TL;DR: There is no convincing evidence that any genotoxic rodent carcinogens or in vivo genotoxins would remain undetected in an in vitro test battery consisting of Ames+MNvit.
Abstract: In vitro genotoxicity testing needs to include tests in both bacterial and mammalian cells, and be able to detect gene mutations, chromosomal damage and aneuploidy. This may be achieved by a combination of the Ames test (detects gene mutations) and the in vitro micronucleus test (MNvit), since the latter detects both chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy. In this paper we therefore present an analysis of an existing database of rodent carcinogens and a new database of in vivo genotoxins in terms of the in vitro genotoxicity tests needed to detect their in vivo activity. Published in vitro data from at least one test system (most were from the Ames test) were available for 557 carcinogens and 405 in vivo genotoxins. Because there are fewer publications on the MNvit than for other mammalian cell tests, and because the concordance between the MNvit and the in vitro chromosomal aberration (CAvit) test is so high for clastogenic activity, positive results in the CAvit test were taken as indicative of a positive result in the MNvit where there were no, or only inadequate data for the latter. Also, because Hprt and Tk loci both detect gene-mutation activity, a positive Hprt test was taken as indicative of a mouse-lymphoma Tk assay (MLA)-positive, where there were no data for the latter. Almost all of the 962 rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins were detected by an in vitro battery comprising Ames+MNvit. An additional 11 carcinogens and six in vivo genotoxins would apparently be detected by the MLA, but many of these had not been tested in the MNvit or CAvit tests. Only four chemicals emerge as potentially being more readily detected in MLA than in Ames+MNvit--benzyl acetate, toluene, morphine and thiabendazole--and none of these are convincing cases to argue for the inclusion of the MLA in addition to Ames+MNvit. Thus, there is no convincing evidence that any genotoxic rodent carcinogens or in vivo genotoxins would remain undetected in an in vitro test battery consisting of Ames+MNvit.
203 citations
Additional excerpts
...Warfarin 81-81-2 + [16] Zinc sulfate 7733-02-0 − TC [406,1160] + [1424] + [1425] Zinctox [AKA zinc phosphide] 1314-84-7 E [1426] E [1426] + [1427] + [1427]...
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...[1424] M....
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TL;DR: The results show a significant (p ≤ 0.001) increase of micronucleated cytokinesis-blocked cells (MNCBs) in zinc-chloride-treated cells compared to the negative control, which is the first to describe the efficiency of cytokinesIS-block micron nucleus assay to evaluate the genotoxic effects of zinc salt.
Abstract: In the present study, we report the results of the capability of zinc chloride for the induction of micronuclei in cultured human leukocytes using cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Two concentrations of zinc chloride (1.5 × 10−4
M and 3.0 × 10−4
M) were used to evaluate the potential of this zinc salt to induce micronucleus formation. This effect was compared with positive (mitomycin C treated) and negative controls (no salt added). Our results show a significant (p ≤ 0.001) increase of micronucleated cytokinesis-blocked cells (MNCBs) in zinc-chloride-treated cells compared to the negative control. Induction of MNCBs was not in a dose-dependent manner for zinc chloride concentrations tested. This report is the first to describe the efficiency of cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay to evaluate the genotoxic effects of zinc salt.
6 citations
01 Dec 2016
TL;DR: It is apparent that anodontia coupled with multiple CA and systemic complications was caused by chromosomal/genetic mutations in the present case, and thus, this report strongly recommends phenotypic and genotypic examination in dental management in such a complex scenario.
Abstract: Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a heritable condition and represents a multifarious group of diseases comprising different clinical signs and symptoms. The ED occurs as a result of disturbances in the ectoderm of the evolving embryo. Agenesis of teeth or anodontia is also the result of disturbance in this process, which prevents the proliferation of tooth buds. In the present case, an 18-month-old child with history of congenital anomalies (CAs), severely delayed developmental milestones, and mental retardation presented with complete anodontia and ED. The CA included pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary valvar regurgitation, ventricular septal defect (VSD), absence of grips, absence of head-holding capacity, inability to sit, simian crease (R), visual impairment with corectopia, blepharitis, lagophthalmos with cortical visual impairment, telecanthus, hypotrichosis, hypertelorism, high philtrum, high arched palate, degenerated nails, and depressed third toes. Routine karyotyping via peripheral blood culture revealed a ring chromosome 18, which was confirmed de novo after parental karyotyping. Although a straightforward association between r(18) and anodontia is yet to be established, it is apparent that anodontia coupled with multiple CA and systemic complications was caused by chromosomal/genetic mutations in the present case, and thus, this report strongly recommends phenotypic and genotypic examination in dental management in such a complex scenario.
2 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that increased ZnSO4 dose concentrations and exposure times caused cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in the root cells of A. cepa L.
Abstract: Because zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) is widely used in many fields such as biomedicine, electronics, and chemistry, it is important to evaluate its toxic effects. In this study, the cyto-genotoxic effects of ZnSO4 on meristematic cells in the root tip of Allium cepa L. were investigated. After calculating the effective concentration (EC50 = 70 ppm) of ZnSO4, A. cepa root tip cells were suspended for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h in solutions of 35 ppm (EC50/2), 70 ppm (EC50), and 140 ppm (EC50 × 2) concentrations. Using the counts of dividing cells, the mitotic index (MI) was calculated. Chromosome aberration index (CAI) was determined from percentages of abnormal cells. When the obtained data were statistically evaluated, it was determined that all application concentrations caused a significant decrease in MI and an increase in CAI compared to the control group (distilled water). It was concluded that increased ZnSO4 dose concentrations and exposure times caused cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in the root cells of A. cepa L.
Cites background from "Comparison of chromosome damage ind..."
...ZnSO4 was also found to cause genotoxic effects in human leukocyte cells at 3.10 5 M, 3.10 4 M, and 3.10 3 M concentrations (Santra et al., 2000)....
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...Change of the salt balance causes decreased growth in many parts of plants, decelerates photosynthesis, and increases chromosomal damage in organisms (Faiz et al., 2015; Santra et al., 2000; Sharma et al., 2010)....
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01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of zinc and iron salts fortification of the feed on biochemical, Histopathological and cytogenetic parameters in rats was studied. And the authors concluded that based on, cytogenetics studies that ferrous chloride and Zinc acetate salts may have a mutagenic activity in bone marrow cells of rats.
Abstract: 3 Abstract: Milk and its products are among the most important sources of nutrients for humans diets along their life, but they are poor in some other elements particularly, Iron and Zinc. Iron or Zinc fortification of dairy products may cause problems in many products and disposers to the consumers. The work herein aimed to study the effect of zinc and iron salts fortification of the feed on biochemical, Histopathological and cytogenetic parameters in rats. Results individually or a in combination at concentrations of 20 and 40 mg/kg/b.w. ferrous chloride and Zinc acetate at a daily dose for 8 weeks, caused remarkable increase in the activity of liver enzymes (AST and ALT). The microscopical examination of liver tissues revealed that moderate to marked changes in hepatocytes, congestion in portal vein, fibrous tissue and proliferated bile ducts. Cytogenetic results indicated that ferric chloride and Zinc acetate salts exhibited significant increase in the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) than control. The degree of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes is directly proportional to the doses used for ferric chloride and zinc acetate. It was concluded that based on, cytogenetic studies that ferrous chloride and Zinc acetate salts may have a mutagenic activity in bone marrow cells of rats.
Cites background from "Comparison of chromosome damage ind..."
...It was demonstrated that the degree of chromosomal damage induced by three compounds of zinc (zinc chloride, zinc sulfate and zinc acetate) was directly proportional to the concentrations used for zinc sulfate and zinc acetate but not for zinc chloride [7]....
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References
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TL;DR: A combination of cytological and leukocyte culture techniques is described which constitutes a convenient, reliable approach for chromosome studies of humans and yields the following advantages: relative ease of obtaining blood and small volume required.
4,054 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1963TL;DR: Sir Ronald A. Fisher and Frank Yates: Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research.
Abstract: Sir Ronald A. Fisher and Frank Yates: Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research. Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1953. Pp. xi + 126. 21s.
3,315 citations
"Comparison of chromosome damage ind..." refers methods in this paper
...The data were analyzed statistically (Table 1) by the Student’s t-test in order to compare the clastogenic effects of each salt with the control and also among the salts (28)....
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01 Jan 1938
2,489 citations
TL;DR: The method described was developed to facilitate the analysis of chromosome complements in cells freshly isolated from monkey kidney cortex and growing on glass, and in “altered” monkey cells grown on glass or in suspension.
Abstract: The method described was developed to facilitate the analysis of chromosome complements in cells freshly isolated from monkey kidney cortex and grown on glass, and in “altered” monkey cells grown on glass or in suspension. Cells were treated with hypotonic solution (quarter-strength Tyrode or diluted medium) for 30 min, or with colchicine in a final concentration of 25 μg/ml (.0025%) for 12-18 hr followed by hypotonic salt solution for 5 min, then fixed in acetic alcohol (1:3) for 5 min. With cells centrifuged from suspended cultures, addition of fixative had to be gradual. Directly after fixation, films of cells on slides were air dried completely. This produces a more uniform and complete flattening of cells than can be achieved by manual pressure; yet, fragmentation of chromosome complements does not occur. Fixed and air dried slides may be stored for days without deterioration or they may be stained immediately in 2% natural orcein (G. T. Gurr, London) in 50% acetic acid. Preparations can be made perm...
468 citations
"Comparison of chromosome damage ind..." refers methods in this paper
...Slides were prepared following the usual colchicine–hypotonic– fixation–air drying technique and stained in dilute Giemsa (24,25)....
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...The cells were harvested after 48 and 72 h and chromosome spreads were prepared following a colchicine–hypotonic–fixation–air drying–Giemsa staining schedule....
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459 citations