Q2. What is the power limitation of a Li-S battery?
Power limitations of Li-ion batteries are governed by the diffusion of ions into the electrodes, which is mainly defined by the battery design and therefore not considered to vary rapidly with normal usage.
Q3. Why is Li-S battery considered to have less environmental impact?
Li-S batteries are theoretically considered to have lower environmental impact due to the use of Sulphur, which is an element relatively abundant on Earth, that makes of it a non-toxic inexpensive material (Peled et al., 2017b).
Q4. What are the key aspects of Li-S battery modelling?
Li-S battery modelling focus the attention on electrochemical models, to fully understand its behaviour, and are now doing their first steps into ECN models, which are the ones preferred for EV applications.
Q5. What is the main reason why Li-S batteries are becoming so popular?
Li-S batteries have emerged as a promising battery technology due to the positive consequences of replacing metals in the cathode of typical Li-ion batteries by Sulphur.
Q6. What is the main reason why Li-S cells are being developed?
At present, one of the most promising technologies is Lithium-Sulphur (Li-S) not only for their higher theoretical energy density (about 2600 Wh/kg) but also for the relatively inexpensive and nonpoisonous materials used in their manufacture that are expected to reduce the overall battery price and environmental impact (Peng et al., 2017).
Q7. What is the average distance of an EV?
EVs have an average driving distance of 250 Km (Fotouhi et al., 2017b)(Bonges and Lusk, 2016), while conventional ICEVs may achieve 1000 Km.
Q8. What is the important component of EVs?
EVs technology development and its deployment goes hand by hand with the advances in portable energy storage devices: the battery.
Q9. How much energy density do Li-S batteries have?
Li-S batteries have a theoretical energy density of around 2600 Wh/kg, an entire magnitude of order higher than typical Li-ion batteries (Manthiram et al., 2013).
Q10. How many cycles can Li-S batteries achieve?
Li-S batteries have 8-15% self-discharge rate per month (Kolosnitsyn and Karaseva, 2008)(V. Knap et al., 2016) due to polysulfide shuttle (Mikhaylik and Akridge, 2004) and collector corrosion (Song et al., 2013), (Vaclav Knap et al., 2016), (Marinescu et al., 2015), which is between 10 and 15 times higher than the selfdischarge of Li-ion batteries (Table 1).
Q11. How does the LCA approach to the environmental impact of Li-S batteries work?
For a consistent environmental assessment, LCA should define clear boundary conditions to delimit the scope of the analysis and then consider all the steps within, such as raw materials acquisition, energy consumption to produce parts, transportation, etc...LCA studies may then cover life cycle stages up to the production of the battery (cradle-to- gate studies) or their full life cycle, including use-phase and end of life (cradle-to- grave)The environmental impact of actual Li-ion batteries is said to be responsible of almost half of the whole environmental impact of the EV manufacture.
Q12. What is the current state of the knowledge in Li-S battery behaviour?
the current knowledge in Li-S battery behaviour has to improve in order to be applied in such ECN models and, it needs to be improved for its further application in EVs.