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Journal ArticleDOI

Complexity of begomovirus and betasatellite populations associated with chilli leaf curl disease in India.

TL;DR: Analysis of samples collected in the survey indicates that ChiLCD-infected plants are associated with a complex of begomoviruses (including one previously unreported species) with a diverse group of betasatellites found in crops and weeds, and demonstrates the crucial role of betAsatellites in severe disease development in Capsicum spp.
Abstract: Chilli, which encompasses several species in the genus Capsicum, is widely consumed throughout the world. In the Indian subcontinent, production of chilli is constrained due to chilli leaf curl disease (ChiLCD) caused by begomoviruses. Despite the considerable economic consequences of ChiLCD on chilli cultivation in India, there have been scant studies of the genetic diversity and structure of the begomoviruses that cause this disease. Here we report on a comprehensive survey across major chilli-growing regions in India. Analysis of samples collected in the survey indicates that ChiLCD-infected plants are associated with a complex of begomoviruses (including one previously unreported species) with a diverse group of betasatellites found in crops and weeds. The associated betasatellites neither enhanced the accumulation of the begomovirus components nor reduced the incubation period in Nicotiana benthamiana. The ChiLCD-associated begomoviruses induced mild symptoms on Capsicum spp., but both the level of helper virus that accumulated and the severity of symptoms were increased in the presence of cognate betasatellites. Interestingly, most of the begomoviruses were found to be intra-species recombinants. The betasatellites possess high nucleotide variability, and recombination among them was also evident. The nucleotide substitution rates were determined for the AV1 gene of begomoviruses (2.60 × 10- 3 substitutions site- 1 year- 1) and the βC1 gene of betasatellites [chilli leaf curl betasatellite (ChiLCB), 2.57 × 10- 4 substitution site- 1 year- 1; tomato leaf curl Bangladesh betasatellite (ToLCBDB), 5.22 × 10- 4 substitution site- 1 year- 1]. This study underscores the current understanding of Indian ChiLCD-associated begomoviruses and also demonstrates the crucial role of betasatellites in severe disease development in Capsicum spp.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
21 Sep 2017-Viruses
TL;DR: ToLCNDV genetic variability has been analyzed, providing new insights into the taxonomy, host adaptation, and evolution of this virus.
Abstract: The tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) represents an important constraint to tomato production, as it causes the most predominant and economically important disease affecting tomato in the Indian sub-continent However, in recent years, ToLCNDV has been fast extending its host range and spreading to new geographical regions, including the Middle East and the western Mediterranean Basin Extensive research on the genome structure, protein functions, molecular biology, and plant-virus interactions of ToLCNDV has been conducted in the last decade Special emphasis has been given to gene silencing suppression ability in order to counteract host plant defense responses The importance of the interaction with DNA alphasatellites and betasatellites in the biology of the virus has been demonstrated ToLCNDV genetic variability has been analyzed, providing new insights into the taxonomy, host adaptation, and evolution of this virus Recombination and pseudorecombination have been shown as motors of diversification and adaptive evolution Important progress has also been made in control strategies to reduce disease damage This review highlights these various achievements in the context of the previous knowledge of begomoviruses and their interactions with plants

95 citations


Cites background or result from "Complexity of begomovirus and betas..."

  • ...In 1995, the association of ToLCNDV with tomato leaf curl disease on solanaceous crops was first reported in India [4]....

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  • ...The earliest genetic characterization of ToLCNDV corresponds to isolates collected in India and Pakistan during 1990s (e.g., GenBank accession numbers U15015 and Y16421, or AJ620187, resp ctively, for their DNA-A components)....

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  • ...Initial observation of the natural co-existence of ToLCNDV DNA-A with DNA-B component on tomatoes was done in India....

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  • ...The evolved recombinant strain ToLCNDV-ES is adapted to infect cucurbits (zucchini squash, cucumber, melon) with poor adaptation for infecting tomato, unlike ToLCNDV isolates reported in India [7]....

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  • ...Variants of ToLCNDV The earliest genetic characterization of ToLCNDV corresponds to isolates collected in India and Pakistan during 1990s (e.g., GenBank accession numbers U15015 and Y16421, or AJ620187, respectively, for their DNA-A components)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of betasatellites, including various βC1‐host factor interactions and their effects on the suppression of defence responses of the plants are discussed.
Abstract: Begomoviruses have emerged as a group of plant pathogens that cause devastating diseases in a wide range of crops in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Betasatellites, the circular single-stranded DNA molecules with the size of almost half of that of the associated helper begomoviruses, are often essential for the production of typical disease symptoms in several virus-host systems. Association of betasatellites with begomoviruses results in more severe symptoms in the plants and affects the yield of numerous crops leading to huge agroeconomic losses. βC1, the only protein encoded by betasatellites, plays a multifaceted role in the successful establishment of infection. This protein counteracts the innate defence mechanisms of the host, like RNA silencing, ubiquitin-proteasome system and defence responsive hormones. In the last two decades, the molecular aspect of betasatellite pathogenesis has attracted much attention from the researchers worldwide, and reports have shown that βC1 protein aggravates the helper begomovirus disease complex by modulating specific host factors. This review discusses the molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of betasatellites, including various βC1-host factor interactions and their effects on the suppression of defence responses of the plants.

72 citations


Cites background from "Complexity of begomovirus and betas..."

  • ...Studies in the last few decades revealed the association of begomoviruses with molecules like betasatellite, alphasatellite and deltasatellite (Kumar et al., 2015; Mansoor et al., 2006; Nawaz-ul-Rehman and Fauquet, 2009; Saunders et al., 2000; Vinoth Kumar et al., 2017)....

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  • ...Betasatellites associated with chilli leaf curl disease in India, for instance, Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh betasatellite, contain high nucleotide variability and a high nucleotide substitution rate in the βC1 coding regions (Kumar et al., 2015)....

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  • ...Betasatellites are widespread amongst the ‘Old World’ begomoviruses that are mostly monopartite in nature (Kumar et al., 2015; Saeed et al., 2007; Zubair et al., 2017)....

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  • ...Amongst chilli-infecting betasatellites, the A-rich region and SCR have been reported as hot spots for recombination (Kumar et al., 2015)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Details of the association and interaction of helper viruses with satellite viruses, satellite RNAs, and satellite DNAs are described, and their implications for pathogenesis are described.

48 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that synergistic interaction among begomoviruses created permissive cellular environment in the resistant chilli plants which leads to breakdown of natural resistance, a phenomenon observed for the first time in chilli.
Abstract: Chilli (Capsicum sp.) is one of the economically important spice and vegetable crops grown in India and suffers great losses due to the infection of begomoviruses. Conventional breeding approaches have resulted in development of a few cultivars of chilli resistant to begomoviruses. A severe leaf curl disease was observed on one such resistant chilli cultivar (Capsicum annuum cv. Kalyanpur Chanchal) grown in the experimental field of the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Four different viral genomic components namely, Chilli leaf curl virus (DNA A), Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh betasatellite (DNA β), Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (DNA A), and Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (DNA B) were associated with the severe leaf curl disease. Further, frequent association of these four genomic components was also observed in symptomatic plants of other chilli cultivars (Capsicum annuum cv. Kashi Anmol and Capsicum chinense cv. Bhut Jolokia) grown in the experimental field. Interaction studies among the isolated viral components revealed that Nicotiana benthamiana and chilli plants inoculated with four genomic components of begomoviruses exhibited severe leaf curl disease symptoms. In addition, this synergistic interaction resulted in increased viral DNA accumulation in infected plants. Resistant chilli plants co-inoculated with four genomic components of begomoviruses showed drastic reduction of host basal (ascorbate peroxidase, thionin, polyphenol oxidase) and specific defense-related gene (NBS-LRR) expression. Our results suggested that synergistic interaction among begomoviruses created permissive cellular environment in the resistant chilli plants which leads to breakdown of natural resistance, a phenomenon observed for the first time in chilli.

46 citations


Cites background or methods from "Complexity of begomovirus and betas..."

  • ...Several begomoviruses are known to infect chilli and cause huge economic losses in India (Kumar et al. 2015)....

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  • ...…Number of plants showing symptoms/number of plants inoculated b Severity of symptoms was scored from mild (+) to severe (++++++) according to Chattopadhyay et al. (2008) and Kumar et al. (2015) d Time taken for the first symptom appearance e Plants indicated presence of ChNDA and Toβ by PCR…...

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  • ...Begomoviruses are often associated with betasatellites (Briddon et al. 2003; Chattopadhyay et al. 2008; Kumar et al. 2015)....

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  • ...Virus inoculation of chilli plants was carried out by particle bombardment method (Kumar et al. 2015)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The genetic distribution, and likely contribution of recombination and nucleotide diversity in facilitating the emergence of alphasatellites are highlighted.

44 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The newest addition in MEGA5 is a collection of maximum likelihood (ML) analyses for inferring evolutionary trees, selecting best-fit substitution models, inferring ancestral states and sequences, and estimating evolutionary rates site-by-site.
Abstract: Comparative analysis of molecular sequence data is essential for reconstructing the evolutionary histories of species and inferring the nature and extent of selective forces shaping the evolution of genes and species. Here, we announce the release of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 5 (MEGA5), which is a user-friendly software for mining online databases, building sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees, and using methods of evolutionary bioinformatics in basic biology, biomedicine, and evolution. The newest addition in MEGA5 is a collection of maximum likelihood (ML) analyses for inferring evolutionary trees, selecting best-fit substitution models (nucleotide or amino acid), inferring ancestral states and sequences (along with probabilities), and estimating evolutionary rates site-by-site. In computer simulation analyses, ML tree inference algorithms in MEGA5 compared favorably with other software packages in terms of computational efficiency and the accuracy of the estimates of phylogenetic trees, substitution parameters, and rate variation among sites. The MEGA user interface has now been enhanced to be activity driven to make it easier for the use of both beginners and experienced scientists. This version of MEGA is intended for the Windows platform, and it has been configured for effective use on Mac OS X and Linux desktops. It is available free of charge from http://www.megasoftware.net.

39,110 citations


"Complexity of begomovirus and betas..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...NEXUS files of AV1 and bC1 regions were generated using CLUSTAL W in MEGA5, and nucleotide substitution rate was estimated using the GTR nucleotide substitution model, uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model and BSP coalescence model in the BEAST v. 1.7 package (Drummond et al., 2012; Nawaz-ul-Rehman et al., 2012)....

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  • ...MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods....

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  • ..., 2014) and MEGA5 (Tamura et al., 2011), neighbour-joining phylogenetic dendrograms and percentage pairwise identity of the identified sequences and the representative sequences from the database were generated....

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  • ...Using the CLUSTAL W method in SDT v. 1.0 (Muhire et al., 2014) and MEGA5 (Tamura et al., 2011), neighbour-joining phylogenetic dendrograms and percentage pairwise identity of the identified sequences and the representative sequences from the database were generated....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2000-Genetics
TL;DR: Pritch et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a model-based clustering method for using multilocus genotype data to infer population structure and assign individuals to populations, which can be applied to most of the commonly used genetic markers, provided that they are not closely linked.
Abstract: We describe a model-based clustering method for using multilocus genotype data to infer population structure and assign individuals to populations. We assume a model in which there are K populations (where K may be unknown), each of which is characterized by a set of allele frequencies at each locus. Individuals in the sample are assigned (probabilistically) to populations, or jointly to two or more populations if their genotypes indicate that they are admixed. Our model does not assume a particular mutation process, and it can be applied to most of the commonly used genetic markers, provided that they are not closely linked. Applications of our method include demonstrating the presence of population structure, assigning individuals to populations, studying hybrid zones, and identifying migrants and admixed individuals. We show that the method can produce highly accurate assignments using modest numbers of loci— e.g. , seven microsatellite loci in an example using genotype data from an endangered bird species. The software used for this article is available from http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~pritch/home.html.

27,454 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis by Sampling Trees (BEAST) software package version 1.7 is presented, which implements a family of Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms for Bayesian phylogenetic inference, divergence time dating, coalescent analysis, phylogeography and related molecular evolutionary analyses.
Abstract: Computational evolutionary biology, statistical phylogenetics and coalescent-based population genetics are becoming increasingly central to the analysis and understanding of molecular sequence data. We present the Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis by Sampling Trees (BEAST) software package version 1.7, which implements a family of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms for Bayesian phylogenetic inference, divergence time dating, coalescent analysis, phylogeography and related molecular evolutionary analyses. This package includes an enhanced graphical user interface program called Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Utility (BEAUti) that enables access to advanced models for molecular sequence and phenotypic trait evolution that were previously available to developers only. The package also provides new tools for visualizing and summarizing multispecies coalescent and phylogeographic analyses. BEAUti and BEAST 1.7 are open source under the GNU lesser general public license and available at http://beast-mcmc.googlecode.com and http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk

9,055 citations


"Complexity of begomovirus and betas..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...…bC1 regions were generated using CLUSTAL W in MEGA5, and nucleotide substitution rate was estimated using the GTR nucleotide substitution model, uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model and BSP coalescence model in the BEAST v. 1.7 package (Drummond et al., 2012; Nawaz-ul-Rehman et al., 2012)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The topic of this report is rap,d m,croscale methods for,solat,on of plant D N A without tile use of ul tracentr ,fugatlon wEth CsCI, which is of moderately high molecular weight and serves as a satisfactory substrate for most restrlctum cndonucleases and is statable for genom,c blot analys,s.
Abstract: The topic of this report is rap,d m,croscale methods for ,solat,on of plant D N A without tile use of ul tracentr ,fugatlon wEth CsCI. The D N A produced ,s of moderately high molecular weight and serves as a satisfactory substrate for most restrlctum cndonucleases and is statable for genom,c blot analys,s. In addi t ion to the rapidi ty and convenience of mlmpreps which permit a large number of samples to be processed in just a few hours, the small amount of tissue reqmred (less than 1.0 grams) allows tbr molecular analysis of plants at a very young stage Mm,prep D N A y,elds from leaf tissue of most species tested to date are typ,cally 30-100 big per gram tissue, greater than 50 kb, and remarkably uniform from sample to sample. The first mmlprep procedure we reported fi3r maize D N A isolation (Dellaporta et al , ;'*l,;tze Geneta3 Cr162162 Neu'_~letlrt. 1983) was adapted from a procedure commonly used for }'east D N A preparatmn (Dav,s et al. , 1980) Since th,s report, numerous personal commun,cat ,ons have demonstrated that the mm,prep procedure or a modification thereof, can be apphed to most plant species tested. For example, the method has been successfully used on Ntcottana hlgl~um. N. plumklgmgidtum. N. 3)/t'eJtrt~. L)s~opertcum sp.. Amar,mthm sp . Gl)~me max. Petuma h.~hra&. Several modifications have been apphed by these ,nvestlgators and in our own laboratory m order to extend the appl ,catmn of ram,prep procedures to other plant species. The select,on of a part icular protocol depends to a large degree on the plant spec,es used. However, the procedure reported here was selected to be statable for most situations.

7,263 citations


"Complexity of begomovirus and betas..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Total genomic DNA was extracted from all samples (Dellaporta et al., 1983) and subjected to RCA using Q29 DNA polymerase (InoueNagata et al., 2004)....

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  • ...Total genomic DNA was extracted from all samples (Dellaporta et al., 1983) and subjected to RCA using Q29 DNA polymerase (InoueNagata et al....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present version of DnaSP introduces several new modules and features which, among other options, allow handling big data sets and conducting a large number of coalescent-based tests by Monte Carlo computer simulations.
Abstract: Summary: DnaSP is a software package for the analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Present version introduces several new modules and features which, among other options allow: (1) handling big data sets (∼5 Mb per sequence); (2) conducting a large number of coalescent-based tests by Monte Carlo computer simulations; (3) extensive analyses of the genetic differentiation and gene flow among populations; (4) analysing the evolutionary pattern of preferred and unpreferred codons; (5) generating graphical outputs for an easy visualization of results. Availability: The software package, including complete documentation and examples, is freely available to academic users from: http://www.ub.es/dnasp

6,100 citations


"Complexity of begomovirus and betas..." refers background or result in this paper

  • ...Begomoviruses have been reported to be associated with ssDNA satellite molecules and/or satellite-like molecules, namely betasatellites and alphasatellites, respectively (Mansoor et al., 1999; Nawaz-ul-Rehman & Fauquet, 2009; Saunders et al., 2000)....

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  • ...Furthermore, their dependence on betasatellites for severe disease development supports the notion that these monopartite begomoviruses require betasatellites for ChiLCD, similar to the complexes reported with ageratum yellow vein and cotton leaf curl diseases (Mansoor et al., 2006; Saunders et al., 2000)....

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  • ...This observation is in agreement with earlier reports suggesting that the betasatellites are dispensable for disease development in N. benthamiana (Ranjan et al., 2014; Saunders et al., 2000)....

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  • ...…their dependence on betasatellites for severe disease development supports the notion that these monopartite begomoviruses require betasatellites for ChiLCD, similar to the complexes reported with ageratum yellow vein and cotton leaf curl diseases (Mansoor et al., 2006; Saunders et al., 2000)....

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