Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres
TL;DR: In this article, a survey about physical and chemical treatment methods which improve the fiber matrix adhesion, their results and effects on the physical properties of composites is presented, and the influence of such treatments by taking into account fibre content on the creep, quasi-static, cyclic dynamic and impact behaviour of natural fibre reinforced plastics are discussed in detail.
About: This article is published in Progress in Polymer Science.The article was published on 1999-05-01. It has received 4160 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Bulk moulding compound & Sheet moulding compound.
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TL;DR: This critical review provides a processing-structure-property perspective on recent advances in cellulose nanoparticles and composites produced from them, and summarizes cellulOSE nanoparticles in terms of particle morphology, crystal structure, and properties.
Abstract: This critical review provides a processing-structure-property perspective on recent advances in cellulose nanoparticles and composites produced from them. It summarizes cellulose nanoparticles in terms of particle morphology, crystal structure, and properties. Also described are the self-assembly and rheological properties of cellulose nanoparticle suspensions. The methodology of composite processing and resulting properties are fully covered, with an emphasis on neat and high fraction cellulose composites. Additionally, advances in predictive modeling from molecular dynamic simulations of crystalline cellulose to the continuum modeling of composites made with such particles are reviewed (392 references).
4,920 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of literature on bio-fiber reinforced composites is presented in this paper, where the overall characteristics of reinforcing fibers used in biocomposites, including source, type, structure, composition, as well as mechanical properties, are reviewed.
3,074 citations
Cites background from "Composites reinforced with cellulos..."
...Bledzki nd Gassan have reviewed the reinforcement of the most eadily used natural fibers in polymer composites up until 999 in their review paper [15]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a review summarizes progress in nanocellulose preparation with a particular focus on microfibrillated cellulose and also discusses recent developments in bio-nanocomposite fabrication based on nanocells.
Abstract: Due to their abundance, high strength and stiffness, low weight and biodegradability, nano-scale cellulose fiber materials (e.g., microfibrillated cellulose and bacterial cellulose) serve as promising candidates for bio-nanocomposite production. Such new high-value materials are the subject of continuing research and are commercially interesting in terms of new products from the pulp and paper industry and the agricultural sector. Cellulose nanofibers can be extracted from various plant sources and, although the mechanical separation of plant fibers into smaller elementary constituents has typically required high energy input, chemical and/or enzymatic fiber pre-treatments have been developed to overcome this problem. A challenge associated with using nanocellulose in composites is the lack of compatibility with hydrophobic polymers and various chemical modification methods have been explored in order to address this hurdle. This review summarizes progress in nanocellulose preparation with a particular focus on microfibrillated cellulose and also discusses recent developments in bio-nanocomposite fabrication based on nanocellulose.
2,546 citations
TL;DR: In this article, different chemical modifications on natural fibers for use in natural fiber-reinforced composites are reviewed, including alkali, silane, acetylation, benzoylation, acrylation, maleated coupling agents and permanganate.
Abstract: Studies on the use of natural fibers as replacement to man-made fiber in fiber-reinforced composites have increased and opened up further industrial possibilities. Natural fibers have the advantages of low density, low cost, and biodegradability. However, the main disadvantages of natural fibers in composites are the poor compatibility between fiber and matrix and the relative high moisture sorption. Therefore, chemical treatments are considered in modifying the fiber surface properties. In this paper, the different chemical modifications on natural fibers for use in natural fiber-reinforced composites are reviewed. Chemical treatments including alkali, silane, acetylation, benzoylation, acrylation, maleated coupling agents, isocyanates, permanganate and others are discussed. The chemical treatment of fiber aimed at improving the adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer matrix may not only modify the fiber surface but also increase fiber strength. Water absorption of composites is reduced and their mechanical properties are improved.
2,286 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the basic building blocks are described, starting with the 20 amino acids and proceeding to polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polyprotein-saccharide.
2,074 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that modified cellulose fiber-polymer interaction mechanisms are complex and specific to every definite system, therefore, a surface modification of the fibers is necessary.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Studies on structure and properties of natural vegetable fibers (NVF) show that composites made of NVF combine good mechanical properties with a low specific mass. The high level of moisture absorption by the fiber, its poor wettability, as well as the insufficient adhesion between untreated fibers and the polymer matrix lead to debonding with age. To build composites with high mechanical properties, therefore, a surface modification of the fibers is necessary. The existing physical and chemical NVF modification methods-e.g., plasma treatment or graft copolymerization-which are used for the development of NVF-polymer composite properties is discussed. It is shown that modified cellulose fiber-polymer interaction mechanisms are complex and specific to every definite system. By using an coupling agent, like silanes or stearin acid, the Young's modulus and the tensile strength increases, dependent on the resin, until 50%. Simultaneously, the moisture absorption of the composites decreases for about 60%. With other surface modifications, similar results are obtained. 0 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc
851 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the physicochemical properties of polypropylene-maleic anhydride copolymer copolymers were characterized by contact angle measurements, and the chemical structure was identified with ESCA and FTIR.
Abstract: Cellulose fibers were surface modified with polypropylene–maleic anhydride copolymer. The physical properties of such fibers were characterized by contact angle measurements, and the chemical structure was identified with ESCA and FTIR. ESCA showed that the modifying agent was localized at the surface of the fibers. The modified fibers were compounded with polypropylene, and composites with various amount of fibers were manufactured by injection molding. All mechanical properties were improved when treated fibers were used. SEM showed improved dispersion, wetting of fibers, and adhesion. The nature of adhesion was studied using FTIR. It was found that the surface modifying agent is covalently bonded to the fibers through esterification. The degree of esterification is enhanced by activating the modifying agent before fiber treatment. This study has shown the effects of treatment conditions on activation of reactive species and chemical reaction between fiber and modifying agent. Moreover, a better understanding has been achieved of the nature of adhesion for the system.
762 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, the authors bring together accepted concepts on the molecular structure, fine structure and morphology of cellulose, and examine the interrelation between the structure and the accessibility of fibrous cellulose substrates.
Abstract: This text aims to bring together accepted concepts on the molecular structure, fine structure and morphology of cellulose, and to examine the interrelation between the structure and the accessibility of fibrous cellulose substrates.
506 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1985TL;DR: In this paper, twenty-one chapters cover various aspects of cellulose chemistry, including chemistry fundamentals and structure, intercrystalline swelling, cellulose in solution, decomposition by chemical, physical, mechanical and biochemical means, photochemistry and radiation chemistry of celluloses; cellulose esters and ethers.
Abstract: Twenty-one chapters cover various aspects of cellulose chemistry, including: chemistry fundamentals and structure; intercrystalline swelling; cellulose in solution; decomposition by chemical, physical, mechanical and biochemical means; photochemistry and radiation chemistry of cellulose; cellulose esters and ethers; cross-linking of cellulose; cellulose fibers and their properties. The chapter on photochemistry and radiation chemistry is indexed separately.
462 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of additives on the properties of injection moulded composites based on polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with wood and cellulose flour was investigated.
Abstract: This paper reports on the effect of additives on the properties of injection moulded composites based on polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with wood and cellulose flour. Three types of additives were studied: dispersion aids, elastomeric additives, and adhesion promoting agents. Some of the dispersion aids were found to improve the filler dispersion and the impact strength. The modulus remained relatively unaffected while the strength was lowered. The high molecular weight elastomeric additives increased the impact strength and ductility, while the stiffness was reduced. An adhesion promotor based on a maleic anhydride modified polypropylene was found to behave as a true coupling agent, i.e. the strength and ductility increased, the melt strength was improved, and also the hot water resistance was raised. The experimentally determined composite moduli are found to agree relatively well with theoretical predictions. The effect of processing on the shape and size of the...
346 citations