Composting technology in waste stabilization: On the methods, challenges and future prospects.
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Cites background from "Composting technology in waste stab..."
...A high initial moisture level (about 75%), which is usual in many materials, could result in a cooling effect, because the high water content could also influence gaseous exchange by limiting diffusion and this restricts oxygen utilization by microorganisms (Tiquia et al., 1996b; Onwosi et al., 2017)....
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...…initial moisture level (about 75%), which is usual in many materials, could result in a cooling effect, because the high water content could also influence gaseous exchange by limiting diffusion and this restricts oxygen utilization by microorganisms (Tiquia et al., 1996b; Onwosi et al., 2017)....
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...The optimal moisture content for composting would depend on the waste typology, but it is often set in 50–60%, fresh weight basis (Onwosi et al., 2017)....
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...The study of the leachates produced in composting, their composition and treatment is a challenging topic to deal with in next years (Onwosi et al., 2017)....
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...A recent study states that the main challenges within composting research are: emission of odor gases, leachate production and management, large space required to carry out the process, and the choice of an appropriate bulking agent (Onwosi et al., 2017)....
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230 citations
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References
1,795 citations
"Composting technology in waste stab..." refers background in this paper
...However, Bernal et al. (2009) pointed out some other challenges associated with composting to include choice of a suitable bulking agent and large space required for operation....
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...The particle size should also not be too small as they can form a compact mass and reduce the porosity of the compost substrate (Bernal et al., 2009)....
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...…understanding of the relationship between parameters affecting the composting process is invaluable in optimization of the composting process (Bernal et al., 2009), the desired quality of the final compost (Vasiliadou et al., 2015), and proper system design (Neves et al., 2007) since they…...
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...Composting optimization involves the clarification of adequate initial substrate conditions that must be managed and sustained during composting (Bernal et al., 2009)....
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...…in optimization of the composting process (Bernal et al., 2009), the desired quality of the final compost (Vasiliadou et al., 2015), and proper system design (Neves et al., 2007) since they determine the best conditions for microbial growth and organic matter degradation (Bernal et al., 2009)....
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620 citations
"Composting technology in waste stab..." refers background in this paper
...The leaching of nitrate (Warman and Termeer,1996) and phosphorus (Sharpley and Moyer, 1999) during the composting process may result to eutrophication or algal bloom....
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550 citations
"Composting technology in waste stab..." refers background in this paper
...Immature composts can contain high levels of organic acids, high C/N ratios, extreme pH values, or high salt contents, all of which makes the compost unsuitable for application on plants (Chen et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2004)....
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...Gao et al. (2010) and Huang et al. (2004) noted that 400 mg kg_1 is the maximum recommended NH4þ eNO3-‘content in mature compost....
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...…by volatilization of NH4þeN, Hþ released as a result of microbial nitrification process by nitrifying bacteria, large quantities of CO2 given off during composting, microbial decomposition of organic matter and production of organic and inorganic acids (Huang et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2016)....
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...Immature compost continuously decomposes (Huang et al., 2004) and this can induce anaerobic conditions in the soil as themicrobial biomass utilizes oxygen in the soil pores to decompose the immature compost (Butler et al., 2001)....
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...According to Huang et al. (2004), during the composting process, EC could increase owing to the formation of mineral salts such as ammonium ions and phosphates via transformation of organic matter....
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510 citations
"Composting technology in waste stab..." refers background in this paper
...Guo et al. (2012) opined that germination index can be used as a sensitive indicator of compost maturity and phytotoxicity....
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...Guo et al. (2012) further explained that the application of unstable and immature compost would fix N in the soil and hinder the growth of plant by releasing toxic substances or by competing for O2 in the rhizosphere....
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...During composting, the MC is vital for distribution of soluble nutrients needed for the microbial metabolic activity (Guo et al., 2012)....
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...But stable and mature compost can be applied to soil as an organic amendment to enhance soil fertility and plant growth, as well as improving the function of soil for carbon sequestration (Guo et al., 2012)....
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...On the other hand, maturity refers to the extent of transformation organic substances that are phytotoxic and it is generally measured by the germination indexes or plant bioassays (Guo et al., 2012)....
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439 citations
"Composting technology in waste stab..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The prediction of heterogeneous composting process has also been achieved using the Markov process (Isobaev et al., 2014; Fernandez et al., 2016)....
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...Isobaev et al. (2014) demonstrated that Markov chain model aided in the estimation of effect of turning frequency on heat/temperature distribution during a composting technology evaluation....
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