Comprehensive medicinal chemistry
About: This article is published in Trends in Pharmacological Sciences.The article was published on 1991-01-01. It has received 1671 citations till now.
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TL;DR: An overview of the current status of research on the prostanoid receptors is given and domains and amino acid residues conferring the specificities of ligand binding and signal transduction are being clarified.
Abstract: Prostanoids are the cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid and include prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2, and thromboxne A2. They are synthesized and released upon cell stimulation and act on cells in the vicinity of their synthesis to exert their actions. Receptors mediating the actions of prostanoids were recently identified and cloned. They are G protein-coupled receptors with seven transmembrane domains. There are eight types and subtypes of prostanoid receptors that are encoded by different genes but as a whole constitute a subfamily in the superfamily of the rhodopsin-type receptors. Each of the receptors was expressed in cultured cells, and its ligand-binding properties and signal transduction pathways were characterized. Moreover, domains and amino acid residues conferring the specificities of ligand binding and signal transduction are being clarified. Information also is accumulating as to the distribution of these receptors in the body. It is also becoming clear for some types of ...
2,371 citations
TL;DR: A wide variety of techniques appropriate to the study of organic crystalline polymorphism and pseu-dopolymorphism is then surveyed, ranging from simple crystal density measurement to observation of polymorphic transformations using variable-temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction methods.
Abstract: Crystal polymorphism is encountered in all areas of research involving solid substances. Its occurrence introduces complications during manufacturing processes and adds another dimension to the complexity of designing materials with specific properties. Research on polymorphism is fraught with unique difficulties due to the subtlety of polymorphic transformations and the inadvertent formation of pseudopolymorphs. In this report, a summary of thermodynamic, kinetic and structural considerations of polymorphism is presented. A wide variety of techniques appropriate to the study of organic crystalline polymorphism and pseu-dopolymorphism is then surveyed, ranging from simple crystal density measurement to observation of polymorphic transformations using variable-temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction methods. Application of newer methodology described in this report is yielding fresh insights into the nature of the crystallization process, holding promise for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of polymorphism and its practical control.
1,444 citations
TL;DR: Applications of quantum chemical descriptors in the development of QSAR/QSPR dealing with the chemical, physical, biochemical, and pharmacological properties of compounds are reviewed.
Abstract: Quantitative structure-activity and structureproperty relationship (QSAR/QSPR) studies are unquestionably of great importance in modern chemistry and biochemistry. The concept of QSAR/QSPR is to transform searches for compounds with desired properties using chemical intuition and experience into a mathematically quantified and computerized form. Once a correlation between structure and activity/property is found, any number of compounds, including those not yet synthesized, can be readily screened on the computer in order to select structures with the properties desired. It is then possible to select the most promising compounds to synthesize and test in the laboratory. Thus, the QSAR/QSPR approach conserves resources and accelerates the process of development of new molecules for use as drugs, materials, additives, or for any other purpose. While it is not easy to find successful structureactivity/property correlations, the recent exponential growth in the number of papers dealing with QSAR/ QSPR studies clearly demonstrates the rapid progress in this area. To obtain a significant correlation, it is crucial that appropriate descriptors be employed, whether they are theoretical, empirical, or derived from readily available experimental characteristics of the structures. Many descriptors reflect simple molecular properties and thus can provide insight into the physicochemical nature of the activity/ property under consideration. Recent progress in computational hardware and the development of efficient algorithms has assisted the routine development of molecular quantummechanical calculations. New semiempirical methods supply realistic quantum-chemical molecular quantities in a relatively short computational time frame. Quantum chemical calculations are thus an attractive source of new molecular descriptors, which can, in principle, express all of the electronic and geometric properties of molecules and their interactions. Indeed, many recent QSAR/QSPR studies have employed quantum chemical descriptors alone or in combination with conventional descriptors. Quantum chemistry provides a more accurate and detailed description of electronic effects than empirical methods.1 Quantum chemical methods can be applied to quantitative structure-activity relationships by direct derivation of electronic descriptors from the molecular wave function. In many cases it has been established that errors due to the approximate nature of quantum-chemical methods and the neglect of the solvation effects are largely transferable within structurally related series; thus, relative values of calculated descriptors can be meaningful even though their absolute values are not directly applicable.2 Moreover, electronic descriptors derived from the molecular wave function can be also partitioned on the basis of atoms or groups, allowing the description of various molecular regions separately. Most work employing quantum chemical descriptors has been carried out in the field of QSAR rather than QSPR, i.e. the descriptors have been correlated with biological activities such as enzyme inhibition activity, hallucinogenic activity, etc.3-6 In part this has been because, historically, the search for quantitative relationships with chemical structure started with the development of theoretical drug design methods. Quantum-chemical descriptors have also been reported to correlate the reactivity of organic compounds, octanol/water partition coefficients, chromatographic retention indices, and various physical properties of molecules.7-11 The present article reviews applications of quantum chemical descriptors in the development of QSAR/QSPR dealing with the chemical, physical, biochemical, and pharmacological properties of compounds.
1,301 citations
TL;DR: Factors relevant to the success of CNS drugs are reviewed and the balance between optimizing the physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties to make the best compromises in properties is critical for designing new drugs likely to penetrate the blood brain barrier and affect relevant biological systems.
Abstract: Fundamental physiochemical features of CNS drugs are related to their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier affinity and exhibit CNS activity. Factors relevant to the success of CNS drugs are reviewed. CNS drugs show values of molecular weight, lipophilicity, and hydrogen bond donor and acceptor that in general have a smaller range than general therapeutics. Pharmacokinetic properties can be manipulated by the medicinal chemist to a significant extent. The solubility, permeability, metabolic stability, protein binding, and human ether-ago-go-related gene inhibition of CNS compounds need to be optimized simultaneously with potency, selectivity, and other biological parameters. The balance between optimizing the physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties to make the best compromises in properties is critical for designing new drugs likely to penetrate the blood brain barrier and affect relevant biological systems. This review is intended as a guide to designing CNS therapeutic agents with better drug-like properties.
1,110 citations
TL;DR: The literature reviewed provides enough promise for anticipating therapeutic and diagnostic applications of surface-modified nanoparticles, with particular focus on the literature concerning particles other than liposomes.
893 citations