Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid With Renewable Energy Penetration
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration is presented.
Abstract: Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.
Citations
More filters
11 Oct 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the Leaky least mean square (LMS) algorithm with a step size is used by the proposed controller for the control of voltage and frequency of the electrical output of an isolated wind power harnessing unit.
Abstract: A power generating system should be able to generate and feed quality power to the loads which are connected to it. This paper suggests a very efficient controlling technique, supported by an effective optimization method, for the control of voltage and frequency of the electrical output of an isolated wind power harnessing unit. The wind power unit is modelled using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The Leaky least mean square algorithm with a step size is used by the proposed controller. The Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm is of adaptive type, which works on the online modification of the weights. LMS algorithm tunes the filter coefficients such that the mean square value of the error is the least. This avoids the use of a low pass filter to clean the voltage and current signals which makes the algorithm simpler. An adaptive algorithm which is generally used in signal processing is applied in power system applications and the process is further simplified by using optimization techniques. That makes the proposed method very unique. Normalized LMS algorithm suffers from drift problem. The Leaky factor is included to solve the drift in the parameters which is considered as a disadvantage in the normalized LMS algorithm. The selection of suitable values of leaky factor and the step size will help in improving the speed of convergence, reducing the steady-state error and improving the stability of the system. In this study, the leaky factor, step size and controller gains are optimized by using optimization techniques. The optimization has made the process of controller tuning very easy, which otherwise was carried out by the trial-and-error method. Different techniques were used for the optimization and on result comparison, the Antlion algorithm is found to be the most effective. The controller efficiency is tested for loads that are linear and nonlinear and for varying wind speeds. It is found that the controller is very efficient in maintaining the system parameters under normal and faulty conditions. The simulated results are validated experimentally by using dSpace 1104. The laboratory results further confirm the efficiency of the proposed controller.
3 citations
DOI•
TL;DR: In this paper , a grid-connected PV-fuel cell-electrolyzer hybrid system with a fixed power dispatch to the grid using a modified least mean square (LMS) algorithm is proposed.
Abstract: The power flow from a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system is highly variable and creates complexities in the power scheduling for the utility. In this article, a grid-connected PV–fuel cell–electrolyzer hybrid system with a fixed power dispatch to the grid using a modified least mean square (LMS) algorithm is proposed. The modified LMS algorithm has been used to control the power flow to the grid besides controlling the power quality at the point of common coupling. Any variation in the PV power is balanced by power from the fuel cell by introducing a power management scheme. Furthermore, self-sufficiency in hydrogen supply for the fuel cell is achieved by using the excess PV production to power an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen from water. The sizing of sources and electrolyzer for a 38-kW commercial load and scheduled power dispatch to the grid has been done using a deterministic balance approach to achieve a carbon-neutral energy generation. The performances of the system during steady-state and transient conditions are verified by extensive simulation analysis with MATLAB Simpower system block set. Finally, experimental analysis using a hardware prototype is used to corroborate the simulation results.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is adopted in which mitigates voltage disorders by establishing the desired quality and voltage level demanded by any sensitive load.
Abstract: Industries driven by electric power require controlled and improved power quality for the optimal exploitation of resources. However, certain crucial issues greatly influence power quality, causing monetary losses to both the utility and customers. Numerous custom power devices are available to compensate for power quality issues; however, these devices alter the parameters of the transmission and distribution systems. Hence, a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is adopted in this study, which mitigates voltage disorders by establishing the desired quality and voltage level demanded by any sensitive load. The DVR adopts a 3ϕ four-switch voltage-source inverter (VSI) that acts as a cost-effective solution with a reduced number of switches. The cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) was utilized in this study as it solves multiple optimization issues with ease of implementation. Because it is robust to variations in the system, it significantly aids in enhancing the efficiency of the DVR by compensating for the variations in voltage and minimizing the total harmonic distortion (THD). The entire work was verified in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate the effectiveness of the introduced technique in smoothing the distorted voltage. The proposed approach achieved an efficiency of 92.6%witha simulation THD of 2.8% and hardware THD of 2.95%.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a novel multi-microgrid connection that uses power compensation methods to improve voltage profiles and reduce harmonic distortions using specific compensation devices in low inertia systems was designed. And the proposed compensation device is an adaptive power quality compensator (APQC) which includes series and shunt compensators.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article , an improved finite-control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) scheme is proposed for a PMSG-based WECS to achieve low voltage ride through (LVRT) ability under symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults, including mitigation of DC-link voltage fluctuation.
Abstract: Grid faults are found to be one of the major issues in renewable energy systems, particularly in wind energy conversion systems (WECS) connected to the grid via back-to-back (BTB) converters. Under such faulty grid conditions, the system requires an effective regulation of the active (P) and reactive (Q) power to accomplish low voltage ride through (LVRT) operation in accordance with the grid codes. In this paper, an improved finite-control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) scheme is proposed for a PMSG based WECS to achieve LVRT ability under symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults, including mitigation of DC-link voltage fluctuation. With proposed predictive control, optimized switching states for cost function minimization with weighing factor (WF) selection guidelines are established for robust BTB converter control and reduced cross-coupling amid P and Q during transient conditions. Besides, grid voltage support is provided by grid side inverter control to inject reactive power during voltage dips. The effectiveness of the FCS-MPC method is compared with the conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller in case of symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults. The simulation and experimental results endorse the superiority of the developed FCS-MPC scheme to diminish the fault effect quickly with lower overshoot and better damping performance than the traditional controller.
2 citations
References
More filters
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a recursive least square adaptive filter (RLF) based on the Kalman filter, which is used as the unifying base for RLS Filters.
Abstract: Background and Overview. 1. Stochastic Processes and Models. 2. Wiener Filters. 3. Linear Prediction. 4. Method of Steepest Descent. 5. Least-Mean-Square Adaptive Filters. 6. Normalized Least-Mean-Square Adaptive Filters. 7. Transform-Domain and Sub-Band Adaptive Filters. 8. Method of Least Squares. 9. Recursive Least-Square Adaptive Filters. 10. Kalman Filters as the Unifying Bases for RLS Filters. 11. Square-Root Adaptive Filters. 12. Order-Recursive Adaptive Filters. 13. Finite-Precision Effects. 14. Tracking of Time-Varying Systems. 15. Adaptive Filters Using Infinite-Duration Impulse Response Structures. 16. Blind Deconvolution. 17. Back-Propagation Learning. Epilogue. Appendix A. Complex Variables. Appendix B. Differentiation with Respect to a Vector. Appendix C. Method of Lagrange Multipliers. Appendix D. Estimation Theory. Appendix E. Eigenanalysis. Appendix F. Rotations and Reflections. Appendix G. Complex Wishart Distribution. Glossary. Abbreviations. Principal Symbols. Bibliography. Index.
16,062 citations
Book•
24 Dec 1999
TL;DR: The Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)—a new technology based on power electronics—offers an opportunity to enhance controllability, stability, and power transfer capability of ac transmission systems.
4,217 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...This minimizes real and reactive power loss in the distribution network [55], [56]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: New trends in power electronics for the integration of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generators are presented and a review of the appropriate storage-system technology used for the Integration of intermittent renewable energy sources is introduced.
Abstract: The use of distributed energy resources is increasingly being pursued as a supplement and an alternative to large conventional central power stations. The specification of a power-electronic interface is subject to requirements related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its effects on the power-system operation, especially where the intermittent energy source constitutes a significant part of the total system capacity. In this paper, new trends in power electronics for the integration of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generators are presented. A review of the appropriate storage-system technology used for the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources is also introduced. Discussions about common and future trends in renewable energy systems based on reliability and maturity of each technology are presented
3,799 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The development of DFACTS devices used in the distribution network to improve the PQ has also resulted in the increased RE penetration levels in the grid [14], [15]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: This paper presents a comprehensive review of active filter configurations, control strategies, selection of components, other related economic and technical considerations, and their selection for specific applications.
Abstract: Active filtering of electric power has now become a mature technology for harmonic and reactive power compensation in two-wire (single phase), three-wire (three phase without neutral), and four-wire (three phase with neutral) AC power networks with nonlinear loads. This paper presents a comprehensive review of active filter (AF) configurations, control strategies, selection of components, other related economic and technical considerations, and their selection for specific applications. It is aimed at providing a broad perspective on the status of AF technology to researchers and application engineers dealing with power quality issues. A list of more than 200 research publications on the subject is also appended for a quick reference.
2,311 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...RE penetration into the utility grid would further deteriorate the quality of power due to the unpredictable output of the RE sources and converters used for their interfacing with the grid [38], [39]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present how renewable energy resources are currently being used, scientific developments to improve their use, their future prospects, and their deployment, and represent the impact of power electronics and smart grid technologies that can enable the proportionate share of renewable resources.
Abstract: Electric energy security is essential, yet the high cost and limited sources of fossil fuels, in addition to the need to reduce greenhouse gasses emission, have made renewable resources attractive in world energy-based economies. The potential for renewable energy resources is enormous because they can, in principle, exponentially exceed the world׳s energy demand; therefore, these types of resources will have a significant share in the future global energy portfolio, much of which is now concentrating on advancing their pool of renewable energy resources. Accordingly, this paper presents how renewable energy resources are currently being used, scientific developments to improve their use, their future prospects, and their deployment. Additionally, the paper represents the impact of power electronics and smart grid technologies that can enable the proportionate share of renewable energy resources.
1,990 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...INTRODUCTION The increased demand for electrical power, the requirement of environmental conservation and depletion of fossil fuel reserves have forced the utilities to increase the penetration level of RE into the utility grid [1], [2]....
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...Symptoms, causes, impacts and solution of PQ disturbances in 3P3W and 3P4W utility network [1]–[65]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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