Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid With Renewable Energy Penetration
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration is presented.
Abstract: Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.
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TL;DR: A critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration is presented, to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the P Q disturbances even in the noisy environment.
Abstract: The global concern with power quality is increasing due to the penetration of renewable energy (RE) sources to cater the energy demands and meet de-carbonization targets. Power quality (PQ) disturbances are found to be more predominant with RE penetration due to the variable outputs and interfacing converters. There is a need to recognize and mitigate PQ disturbances to supply clean power to the consumer. This article presents a critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration. The broad perspective of this review paper is to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the PQ disturbances even in the noisy environment. More than 220 research publications have been critically reviewed, classified and listed for quick reference of the engineers, scientists and academicians working in the power quality area.
104 citations
Cites background from "Comprehensive Review of Distributed..."
...These classified disturbances are later mitigated in the mitigation stage using distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices [37]....
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TL;DR: A thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications and the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues are provided.
Abstract: Power quality is a pressing concern and of the utmost importance for advanced and high-tech equipment in particular, whose performance relies heavily on the supply’s quality. Power quality issues like voltage sags/swells, harmonics, interruptions, etc. are defined as any deviations in current, voltage, or frequency that result in end-use equipment damage or failure. Sensitive loads like medical equipment in hospitals and health clinics, schools, prisons, etc. malfunction for the outages and interruptions, thereby causing substantial economic losses. For enhancing power quality, custom power devices (CPDs) are recommended, among which the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is considered as the best and cost-effective solution. DVR is a power electronic-based solution to mitigate and compensate voltage sags. This paper provides a thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications. The review compares the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues, the DVR principle along with its operation modes, the DVR components, the DVR topologies based on energy storage, the DVR topologies based on single-/three-phase power converters, and the DVR topologies based on control units that have different control processing stages. Furthermore, modified and improved configurations of the DVR, as well as its integration with distributed generations, are described. This work serves as a comprehensive and useful reference for those who have an interest in researching DVRs.
58 citations
TL;DR: A critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications for ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods is provided.
Abstract: Energy storage system (ESS) has been expected to be a viable solution which can provide diverse benefits to different power system stakeholders, including generation side, transmission network (TN), distribution network (DN) and off-grid microgrid. Prudent ESS allocation in power grids determines satisfactory performance of ESS applications. Optimal sizing and placement of ESS are crucial for power quality improvement of DN and transmission system protection setting. To solve this issue, considerable researches have been done either in modelling or algorithms. However, various options and complex characteristics in different sub-systems make it difficult to appraise a specific method for an ESS application, while the existing reviews only focus on ESS applications in DN. This paper provides a critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications. Meanwhile, a systematic methodology is presented with an extensive latest literature review, including ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods. Particularly, different technical requirements and modelling methods of different sub-systems are outlined. Besides, pros and cons of optimization methods are thoroughly analysed and compared to reveal state-of-the-art studies. Finally, key points in optimal ESS sizing and placement are concluded along with recommendations for future research.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare and relate prior and latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions and highlight the recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
Abstract: Recently, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into electrical power systems is witnessing a large attention due to their inexhaustibility, environmental benefits, storage capabilities, lower maintenance and stronger economy, etc. Among these RESs, offshore wind power plants (OWPP) are ones of the most widespread power plants that have emerged with regard to being competitive with other energy technologies. However, the application of power electronic converters (PECs), offshore transmission lines and large substation transformers result in considerable power quality (PQ) issues in grid connected OWPP. Moreover, due to the installation of filters for each OWPP, some other challenges such as voltage and frequency stability arise. In this regard, various customs power devices along with integration control methodologies have been implemented to deal with stated issues. Furthermore, for a smooth and reliable operation of the system, each country established various grid codes. Although various mitigation schemes and related standards for OWPP are documented separately, a comprehensive review covering these aspects has not yet addressed in the literature. The objective of this study is to compare and relate prior as well as latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions. Low voltage ride through (LVRT) schemes and associated grid codes prevalent for the interconnection of OWPP based power grid have been deliberated. In addition, various PQ issues and mitigation options such as FACTS based filters, DFIG based adaptive and conventional control algorithms, ESS based methods and LVRT requirements have been summarized and compared. Finally, recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm.
Abstract: With the development of wind power generation in recent years, several studies have dealt with the active and reactive power control of wind power systems, along with the quality of energy produced and the connection to distribution networks. In this context, this research proposes a new contribution to the field. The major objective of this work is the development of a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm. The backstepping control strategy is based on the Lyapunov nonlinear technique to guarantee the stability of the system. It is applied to the two converters (i.e., machine and network sides) and subsequently improved with estimators to make the proposed system robust to parametric variation. The RTO technique is based on monitoring the behavior of the underlying foundation of trees in search of underground water in accordance with the level of underground control. The solution proposed for the control is validated using two methods: (1) a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink to test the continuation of the reference (real wind speed) and the robustness of the system and (2) a real-time implementation on a dSPACE-DS1104 board connected to an experimental bench in a laboratory. Simulation and experimental results highlight the validation of the proposed model with better performance compared with other control techniques, such as sliding mode control, direct power control, and field-oriented control.
32 citations
References
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TL;DR: The study proposes a method to optimize dc-link voltage of distribution static compensator based on load compensation requirement using reduced switch count multilevel converter (RSC-MLC) integrated with photovoltaic system, capable of compensating reactive power, unbalance, and harmonics demanded by three-phase unbalanced and nonlinear loads connected to the distribution side, leading to improvement of power quality.
Abstract: The study proposes a method to optimize dc-link voltage of distribution static compensator based on load compensation requirement using reduced switch count multilevel converter (RSC-MLC) integrated with photovoltaic (PV) system. The proposed method is capable of compensating reactive power, unbalance, and harmonics demanded by three-phase unbalanced and nonlinear loads connected to the distribution side, leading to improvement of power quality. It is also capable of providing real power support to the load and thus prevents source from getting over loaded whenever required. During off-peak loads, the dc-link voltage can be brought down to a lower value, which will reduce the voltage-stress across switches of inverter and minimizes the switching losses. The variation of dc-link voltage is provided using RSC-MLC, which requires dc voltage supply. This method utilizes renewable resources of energy such as solar cells as the dc voltage source. The output voltage of PV panel is boosted to a higher value using high gain boost converter and given to RSC-MLC. The maximum power point tracking of PV panels is achieved by using Perturb and Observe algorithm. The results have been verified through simulation and experimental studies.
63 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...These devices help in maintaining power factor, balancing the load, mitigating reactive power, reducing harmonics, and providing uninterrupted power [56], [59]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a control algorithm based on enhanced phase-locked loop (EPLL) for distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) to compensate reactive power, to provide load balancing, to eliminate harmonics, to correct power factor, and to regulate point of common coupling (PCC) voltages under linear and nonlinear loads.
Abstract: This paper presents a control algorithm based on enhanced phase-locked loop (EPLL) for distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) to compensate reactive power, to provide load balancing, to eliminate harmonics, to correct power factor, and to regulate point of common coupling (PCC) voltages under linear and nonlinear loads. In this approach, an extraction of fundamental active and reactive power components of load currents for the estimation of source currents includes a signal-processing algorithm based on the EPLL scheme. The proposed control algorithm is implemented using a digital signal processor. Test results on a developed DSTATCOM are presented to validate the proposed control algorithm for compensation of reactive power, load balancing, harmonics elimination, power factor correction, and zero voltage regulation at PCC.
62 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: This paper proposes a three-phase single-stage grid integrated solar photovoltaic distributed static compensator (SPV-DSTATCOM) system using a leaky least mean fourth (LLMF) control algorithm to keep the overall system stable and to achieve rapid response at changing conditions.
Abstract: This paper proposes a three-phase single-stage grid integrated solar photovoltaic distributed static compensator (SPV-DSTATCOM) system using a leaky least mean fourth (LLMF) control algorithm. The prime contributions of this paper include: 1) the SPV generating system, which fulfills the active power requirement of connected loads and supplies the excess power to the grid; 2) the voltage-source converter (VSC) acts as a dc–ac inverter and DSTATCOM, which provides reactive power compensation, harmonics filtering, load balancing, power factor correction, zero voltage regulation, and mitigates several other power quality issues; 3) even when the SPV power is unavailable, the VSC operates as a DSTATCOM, which enhances the utilization factor of devices; and 4) the LLMF-based control approach for fundamental component extraction from load currents for good harmonics compensation as well as to keep the overall system stable and to achieve rapid response at changing conditions. The proposed system is modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink as well as its performance is verified experimentally on a developed prototype.
61 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...Single-stage SPV-DSTATCOM based configuration for power quality improvement have been presented in [67]–[71]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a three-leg voltage source converter (VSC)-based distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is implemented using an adaptive neural network-based control algorithm for harmonic suppression, load balancing, and voltage regulation in a three phase synchronous reluctance generator (SyRG) system with a battery energy storage system.
Abstract: This paper presents the control of a synchronous reluctance generator (SyRG) driven by a biogas/biomass diesel engine as a prime mover in a distributed power generating system. This generator is used as a source to feed linear and nonlinear loads. A three-leg voltage source converter (VSC)-based distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is implemented using an adaptive neural network-based control algorithm for harmonic suppression, load balancing, and voltage regulation in a three-phase SyRG system with a battery energy storage system. This control algorithm is used for extraction of active and reactive power components of distorted load currents. These components of load currents are used for estimation of reference source currents to generate the gating pulses of VSC used as DSTATCOM. The performance of DSTATCOM is observed satisfactory for this type of power generating system under balanced and unbalanced loads.
61 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: In this article, a multipurpose photovoltaic (PV) system using a lattice wave digital filter (LWDF)-based control approach was developed for integrating the active power to the distribution system with variable PV insolation.
Abstract: This paper presents a multipurpose photovoltaic (PV) system using a lattice wave digital filter (LWDF)-based control approach. The multipurpose PV system is developed for integrating the active power to the distribution system with variable PV insolation and compensating the nonlinear loads connected at point-of-common coupling. The PV system is multifunctional; therefore, it serves various purposes. It injects the active power of solar PV array to the grid. It mitigates harmonics of loads and provides grid currents balancing. The PV system incorporates a PV array, a boost converter, a voltage-source converter (VSC), a nonlinear load, and a distribution system. The boost converter is utilized for maximum power extraction from PV array using an incremental-conductance-based maximum power point tracking technique. To control the grid-tied VSC, a LWDF-based control approach is proposed. In addition, this approach is able to produce the desired sinusoidal fundamental component of load current to estimate the grid reference currents. The aim is to implement this control as it has many properties like low-pass band sensitivity, good dynamic response, and reduction in a dc-offset noise error. The varieties of experimental results are presented to validate the control of a PV system.
59 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The grid interfaced two-stage PV system with DSTATCOM has been utilized for power quality mitigation in [77], [78]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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