Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid With Renewable Energy Penetration
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration is presented.
Abstract: Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.
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TL;DR: A critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration is presented, to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the P Q disturbances even in the noisy environment.
Abstract: The global concern with power quality is increasing due to the penetration of renewable energy (RE) sources to cater the energy demands and meet de-carbonization targets. Power quality (PQ) disturbances are found to be more predominant with RE penetration due to the variable outputs and interfacing converters. There is a need to recognize and mitigate PQ disturbances to supply clean power to the consumer. This article presents a critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration. The broad perspective of this review paper is to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the PQ disturbances even in the noisy environment. More than 220 research publications have been critically reviewed, classified and listed for quick reference of the engineers, scientists and academicians working in the power quality area.
104 citations
Cites background from "Comprehensive Review of Distributed..."
...These classified disturbances are later mitigated in the mitigation stage using distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices [37]....
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TL;DR: A thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications and the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues are provided.
Abstract: Power quality is a pressing concern and of the utmost importance for advanced and high-tech equipment in particular, whose performance relies heavily on the supply’s quality. Power quality issues like voltage sags/swells, harmonics, interruptions, etc. are defined as any deviations in current, voltage, or frequency that result in end-use equipment damage or failure. Sensitive loads like medical equipment in hospitals and health clinics, schools, prisons, etc. malfunction for the outages and interruptions, thereby causing substantial economic losses. For enhancing power quality, custom power devices (CPDs) are recommended, among which the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is considered as the best and cost-effective solution. DVR is a power electronic-based solution to mitigate and compensate voltage sags. This paper provides a thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications. The review compares the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues, the DVR principle along with its operation modes, the DVR components, the DVR topologies based on energy storage, the DVR topologies based on single-/three-phase power converters, and the DVR topologies based on control units that have different control processing stages. Furthermore, modified and improved configurations of the DVR, as well as its integration with distributed generations, are described. This work serves as a comprehensive and useful reference for those who have an interest in researching DVRs.
58 citations
TL;DR: A critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications for ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods is provided.
Abstract: Energy storage system (ESS) has been expected to be a viable solution which can provide diverse benefits to different power system stakeholders, including generation side, transmission network (TN), distribution network (DN) and off-grid microgrid. Prudent ESS allocation in power grids determines satisfactory performance of ESS applications. Optimal sizing and placement of ESS are crucial for power quality improvement of DN and transmission system protection setting. To solve this issue, considerable researches have been done either in modelling or algorithms. However, various options and complex characteristics in different sub-systems make it difficult to appraise a specific method for an ESS application, while the existing reviews only focus on ESS applications in DN. This paper provides a critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications. Meanwhile, a systematic methodology is presented with an extensive latest literature review, including ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods. Particularly, different technical requirements and modelling methods of different sub-systems are outlined. Besides, pros and cons of optimization methods are thoroughly analysed and compared to reveal state-of-the-art studies. Finally, key points in optimal ESS sizing and placement are concluded along with recommendations for future research.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare and relate prior and latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions and highlight the recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
Abstract: Recently, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into electrical power systems is witnessing a large attention due to their inexhaustibility, environmental benefits, storage capabilities, lower maintenance and stronger economy, etc. Among these RESs, offshore wind power plants (OWPP) are ones of the most widespread power plants that have emerged with regard to being competitive with other energy technologies. However, the application of power electronic converters (PECs), offshore transmission lines and large substation transformers result in considerable power quality (PQ) issues in grid connected OWPP. Moreover, due to the installation of filters for each OWPP, some other challenges such as voltage and frequency stability arise. In this regard, various customs power devices along with integration control methodologies have been implemented to deal with stated issues. Furthermore, for a smooth and reliable operation of the system, each country established various grid codes. Although various mitigation schemes and related standards for OWPP are documented separately, a comprehensive review covering these aspects has not yet addressed in the literature. The objective of this study is to compare and relate prior as well as latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions. Low voltage ride through (LVRT) schemes and associated grid codes prevalent for the interconnection of OWPP based power grid have been deliberated. In addition, various PQ issues and mitigation options such as FACTS based filters, DFIG based adaptive and conventional control algorithms, ESS based methods and LVRT requirements have been summarized and compared. Finally, recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm.
Abstract: With the development of wind power generation in recent years, several studies have dealt with the active and reactive power control of wind power systems, along with the quality of energy produced and the connection to distribution networks. In this context, this research proposes a new contribution to the field. The major objective of this work is the development of a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm. The backstepping control strategy is based on the Lyapunov nonlinear technique to guarantee the stability of the system. It is applied to the two converters (i.e., machine and network sides) and subsequently improved with estimators to make the proposed system robust to parametric variation. The RTO technique is based on monitoring the behavior of the underlying foundation of trees in search of underground water in accordance with the level of underground control. The solution proposed for the control is validated using two methods: (1) a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink to test the continuation of the reference (real wind speed) and the robustness of the system and (2) a real-time implementation on a dSPACE-DS1104 board connected to an experimental bench in a laboratory. Simulation and experimental results highlight the validation of the proposed model with better performance compared with other control techniques, such as sliding mode control, direct power control, and field-oriented control.
32 citations
References
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TL;DR: The paper discusses switching DG sources, load deferral strategies and direct load control to effect a reduction in load during peak periods and furthers this load management by load filling during off-peak periods.
Abstract: Recent improvements in computer processing power have enabled the development of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) to be capable of interpreting a substantial quantity of data at high speeds. The distribution industry is one of the largest users of real-time data during the operation of their energy distribution network and as such, has an inherent need for data processing technology. The development of intelligent devices and communication protocols has given rise to the concept of distribution system automation (DSA). In this paper the major features of DSA development are discussed. A method of communication along with the integration of wired and wireless communication solutions with IED and Mote technology is described. Protection scheme automation is investigated, showing that automated response to network fault conditions is possible. Network reconfiguration is another key aspect of DSA research and two distinct calculation techniques are discussed. The current index (CI) and the load balance index (LBI) calculation methods are presented and the benefits of LBI are highlighted. Distributed generation (DG) is addressed in the context of automation with a demand side management (DSM) program proposed to manage load during peak and off-peak periods. The paper discusses switching DG sources, load deferral strategies and direct load control to effect a reduction in load during peak periods. The paper furthers this load management by load filling during off-peak periods. Finally, conclusions on the effectiveness of the proposed method are drawn and recommendations are made for further research.
47 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...In [49], [50], a new concept of DFACTS is recommended, which is a promising economical solution to PQDs in a utility grid-tied with RE sources....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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01 Dec 2006
TL;DR: Three different methods of determining the compensating current for a DSTATCOM are evaluated, are the instantaneous reactive power theory, synchronous reference frame theory and a new Adaline based algorithm.
Abstract: DSTATCOM (distribution STATic COMpensator) is used for compensation of reactive power and unbalance caused by various loads in distribution system. This paper evaluates three different methods of determining the compensating current for a DSTATCOM. The methods compared, are the instantaneous reactive power theory, synchronous reference frame theory and a new Adaline based algorithm. The Adaline based algorithm is an adaptive method for extracting reference current signals. These three schemes are simulated under MATLAB environment using SIMULINK and PSB toolboxes. Simulation results depict the performance of these schemes for control of DSTATCOM.
45 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: An overview provides the pros and cons of existing test systems, implying the lack of appropriate benchmarks for future power system studies, including renewable resources and modern technologies.
Abstract: The reliable design, planning, and operation of power systems are of paramount importance for providing reliable services to customers. This article reviews the different aspects of power system reliability, ranging from planning to operation. Standard benchmarks employed for power system studies are reviewed according to nearly 2,500 IEEE journal papers from 1986 to early 2019. Our overview provides the pros and cons of existing test systems, implying the lack of appropriate benchmarks for future power system studies, including renewable resources and modern technologies. Furthermore, this article presents requirements for updating and modifying the benchmarks for modern power systems analysis.
43 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...The RE penetration with digital control of DFACTS devices is the main feature of the modern utility grid [64] and requirements for updating and modifying the benchmarks for modern grids are detailed in [65]....
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...Symptoms, causes, impacts and solution of PQ disturbances in 3P3W and 3P4W utility network [1]–[65]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: In this paper, an implementation of sliding mode controller (SMC) along with a proportional and integral (PI) controller for a distribution static COMpensator for improving current induced power quality issues and voltage regulation of three-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG).
Abstract: This paper presents an implementation of sliding mode controller (SMC) along with a proportional and integral (PI) controller for a DSTATCOM (Distribution STATic COMpensator) for improving current induced power quality issues and voltage regulation of three-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG). The use of SMC for regulating the DC link voltage of DSTATCOM offers various advantages such as reduction in number of sensors for estimating reference currents and the stable DC link voltage during transient conditions. The use of PI controller for terminal voltage control gives the error free voltage regulation in steady state conditions. The voltage regulation feature of DSTATCOM offers the advantages of single point voltage operation at the generator terminals with the reactive power compensation which avoids the saturation in the generator. Other offered advantages are balanced generator currents under any loading condition, harmonic currents mitigation, stable DC link voltage and the reduced number of sensors. The SMC algorithm is successfully implemented on a DSTATCOM employed with a three-phase SEIG feeding single phase or three phase loads. The performance of the proposed control algorithm is found satisfactory for voltage regulation and mitigation of power quality problems like reactive power compensation, harmonics elimination, and load balancing under nonlinear/linear loads.
43 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: A hybrid unipolar pulsewidth modulation (UP-PWM) scheme is proposed to achieve a better performance in terms of reactive power injection than the conventional UP-P WM scheme, and a higher efficiency than the UP- PWM with deadtime.
Abstract: The highly efficient and reliable inverter concept (HERIC) inverter is a cost-effective topology, which has low leakage currents and a relatively high efficiency. Thus, it is very suitable for transformerless photovoltaic systems. However, with the reported modulation methods, it is difficult to simultaneously maintain the high efficiency, good power quality, and reactive power injection of the HERIC inverter. In this paper, a hybrid unipolar pulsewidth modulation (UP-PWM) scheme is thus proposed to achieve those performances. The hybrid scheme adopts the conventional UP-PWM in the case of generating the positive power. When generating the negative power, a modulation scheme, which only requires the operation of freewheeling switches, is specifically proposed. Additionally, in the region of the output voltage and current zero-crossing points, a UP-PWM with modified deadtime is introduced. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, simulations and experiments are performed on a 4-kW HERIC inverter system with a 20-kHz switching frequency. The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid UP-PWM method achieves a better performance in terms of reactive power injection than the conventional UP-PWM scheme, and a higher efficiency than the UP-PWM with deadtime. In addition, the proposed UP-PWM scheme also enables a better power quality.
42 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...Research work to resolve the issues of power quality associated with WES, SPV, and FC is investigated using simulation studies [12] and hardware approach [13]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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