Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid With Renewable Energy Penetration
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration is presented.
Abstract: Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.
Citations
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TL;DR: A critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration is presented, to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the P Q disturbances even in the noisy environment.
Abstract: The global concern with power quality is increasing due to the penetration of renewable energy (RE) sources to cater the energy demands and meet de-carbonization targets. Power quality (PQ) disturbances are found to be more predominant with RE penetration due to the variable outputs and interfacing converters. There is a need to recognize and mitigate PQ disturbances to supply clean power to the consumer. This article presents a critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration. The broad perspective of this review paper is to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the PQ disturbances even in the noisy environment. More than 220 research publications have been critically reviewed, classified and listed for quick reference of the engineers, scientists and academicians working in the power quality area.
104 citations
Cites background from "Comprehensive Review of Distributed..."
...These classified disturbances are later mitigated in the mitigation stage using distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices [37]....
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TL;DR: A thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications and the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues are provided.
Abstract: Power quality is a pressing concern and of the utmost importance for advanced and high-tech equipment in particular, whose performance relies heavily on the supply’s quality. Power quality issues like voltage sags/swells, harmonics, interruptions, etc. are defined as any deviations in current, voltage, or frequency that result in end-use equipment damage or failure. Sensitive loads like medical equipment in hospitals and health clinics, schools, prisons, etc. malfunction for the outages and interruptions, thereby causing substantial economic losses. For enhancing power quality, custom power devices (CPDs) are recommended, among which the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is considered as the best and cost-effective solution. DVR is a power electronic-based solution to mitigate and compensate voltage sags. This paper provides a thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications. The review compares the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues, the DVR principle along with its operation modes, the DVR components, the DVR topologies based on energy storage, the DVR topologies based on single-/three-phase power converters, and the DVR topologies based on control units that have different control processing stages. Furthermore, modified and improved configurations of the DVR, as well as its integration with distributed generations, are described. This work serves as a comprehensive and useful reference for those who have an interest in researching DVRs.
58 citations
TL;DR: A critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications for ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods is provided.
Abstract: Energy storage system (ESS) has been expected to be a viable solution which can provide diverse benefits to different power system stakeholders, including generation side, transmission network (TN), distribution network (DN) and off-grid microgrid. Prudent ESS allocation in power grids determines satisfactory performance of ESS applications. Optimal sizing and placement of ESS are crucial for power quality improvement of DN and transmission system protection setting. To solve this issue, considerable researches have been done either in modelling or algorithms. However, various options and complex characteristics in different sub-systems make it difficult to appraise a specific method for an ESS application, while the existing reviews only focus on ESS applications in DN. This paper provides a critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications. Meanwhile, a systematic methodology is presented with an extensive latest literature review, including ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods. Particularly, different technical requirements and modelling methods of different sub-systems are outlined. Besides, pros and cons of optimization methods are thoroughly analysed and compared to reveal state-of-the-art studies. Finally, key points in optimal ESS sizing and placement are concluded along with recommendations for future research.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare and relate prior and latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions and highlight the recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
Abstract: Recently, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into electrical power systems is witnessing a large attention due to their inexhaustibility, environmental benefits, storage capabilities, lower maintenance and stronger economy, etc. Among these RESs, offshore wind power plants (OWPP) are ones of the most widespread power plants that have emerged with regard to being competitive with other energy technologies. However, the application of power electronic converters (PECs), offshore transmission lines and large substation transformers result in considerable power quality (PQ) issues in grid connected OWPP. Moreover, due to the installation of filters for each OWPP, some other challenges such as voltage and frequency stability arise. In this regard, various customs power devices along with integration control methodologies have been implemented to deal with stated issues. Furthermore, for a smooth and reliable operation of the system, each country established various grid codes. Although various mitigation schemes and related standards for OWPP are documented separately, a comprehensive review covering these aspects has not yet addressed in the literature. The objective of this study is to compare and relate prior as well as latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions. Low voltage ride through (LVRT) schemes and associated grid codes prevalent for the interconnection of OWPP based power grid have been deliberated. In addition, various PQ issues and mitigation options such as FACTS based filters, DFIG based adaptive and conventional control algorithms, ESS based methods and LVRT requirements have been summarized and compared. Finally, recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm.
Abstract: With the development of wind power generation in recent years, several studies have dealt with the active and reactive power control of wind power systems, along with the quality of energy produced and the connection to distribution networks. In this context, this research proposes a new contribution to the field. The major objective of this work is the development of a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm. The backstepping control strategy is based on the Lyapunov nonlinear technique to guarantee the stability of the system. It is applied to the two converters (i.e., machine and network sides) and subsequently improved with estimators to make the proposed system robust to parametric variation. The RTO technique is based on monitoring the behavior of the underlying foundation of trees in search of underground water in accordance with the level of underground control. The solution proposed for the control is validated using two methods: (1) a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink to test the continuation of the reference (real wind speed) and the robustness of the system and (2) a real-time implementation on a dSPACE-DS1104 board connected to an experimental bench in a laboratory. Simulation and experimental results highlight the validation of the proposed model with better performance compared with other control techniques, such as sliding mode control, direct power control, and field-oriented control.
32 citations
References
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TL;DR: A novel variable reactor based on magnetic flux control and a novel integrated power quality controller suitable for microgrid is proposed, which can cater for the peculiar requirements of microgrid power quality, such as the harmonic high penetration, frequent voltage fluctuation and overcurrent phenomenon, and bidirectional power flow and small capacity.
Abstract: A novel variable reactor based on magnetic flux control is proposed in this paper. The system configuration of the novel variable reactor is presented, while its operational principle and dynamic performance are analyzed. Based on the developed variable reactor, a novel integrated power quality controller (IPQC) suitable for microgrid is proposed, which can cater for the peculiar requirements of microgrid power quality, such as the harmonic high penetration, frequent voltage fluctuation and overcurrent phenomenon, and bidirectional power flow and small capacity. For the fundamental, the equivalent impedance of the primary winding is a variable reactor or capacitor. For the $n$ th-order harmonic, the equivalent impedance is very high impedance and acts as a “harmonic isolator.” The system control strategy is also analyzed in detail. A set of three-phase IPQC has been constructed. The experimental test results verify the validity of the novel variable reactor and the IPQC.
35 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...The IPQC can regulate power flow in both the direction and minimizes short circuit current, to allow active power flow control in utility network [60], [63]....
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...The active and reactive power exchange between these compensators through the dc-link capacitor presented in [60]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: A new cross-correlation anti-islanding detection scheme for module-integrated converters (MICs) with pseudo dc-link that periodically injects a second-order harmonic current component of low magnitude and evaluates grid response by means of correlation.
Abstract: This paper introduces a new cross-correlation anti-islanding detection scheme for module-integrated converters (MICs) with pseudo dc-link. The proposed scheme periodically injects a second-order harmonic current component of low magnitude (in open-loop mode) and evaluates grid response by means of correlation. The proposed scheme is highly reliable, providing nondetection-zone free operation, fast detection, and compliance with the relevant power quality and anti-islanding standards. Additionally, it excels in lower computational cost, reduced fault detection zone, and higher output power quality, compared to the referenced anti-islanding schemes that are compatible with MICs. Last but not least, it can be implemented in MIC platforms without requiring an output current sensor, being an easily upgradable solution in software level. A firm theoretical framework that considers both high penetration levels of PV systems and weak grid conditions is also included in this paper. The theoretical framework, as well as the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, is verified through extensive experimental results for various electrical-network parameters and nonlinear loading conditions. Finally, a comprehensive comparison between the proposed method and the most common anti-islanding techniques (compatible with MICs) is performed, leading to some valuable conclusions from MICs perspective.
33 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...These includes, power balance control [101], instantaneous symmetrical components control [102], sliding mode control (SMC) [103], average unit power factor control [104], voltage template and PI controller [105], PLL based control [106] and their modifiedmethods....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: This paper proposes a multiobjective solar photovoltaic (SPV) system integrated to a three-phase four wire (3P4W) distribution network by using a digital multistage interpolation (DMSI)-based technique.
Abstract: This paper proposes a multiobjective solar photovoltaic (SPV) system integrated to a three-phase four wire (3P4W) distribution network by using a digital multistage interpolation (DMSI)-based technique. In addition to the power exchange from SPV array to the 3P4W grid, a four-leg voltage source converter (VSC) is used as a power conditioning unit; therefore, it is named a multiobjective SPV system. For good utilization of SPV array, it is necessary to harvest peak power from SPV string. To fulfill this objective, a perturb and observe-based maximum power point tracking control is used. However, to control the grid integrated VSC, a DMSI-based control technique is presented. The technique is utilized for mitigation of grid neutral current, load harmonics currents, power factor improvement, and grid currents balancing. The incorporation of SPV feed forward loop in control loop minimizes the dependency on proportional integrator controller, and also good dynamic behavior is recorded because of load and climate changes. The operation and control of system topology are validated experimentally under various scenarios.
32 citations
TL;DR: Simulation and test results demonstrate satisfactory performance of the proposed learning-based anti-Hebbian control algorithm for the control of DSTATCOM under varying loads.
Abstract: This paper deals with an implementation of a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) using a learning-based anti-Hebbian control algorithm for compensation of linear/nonlinear loads. The proposed control algorithm is used for extraction of fundamental active and reactive power components of load currents for estimating reference supply currents. This control algorithm is implemented on a developed DSTATCOM using a digital signal processor for reactive power compensation, harmonics elimination, and load balancing. Simulation and test results demonstrate satisfactory performance of the proposed control algorithm for the control of DSTATCOM under varying loads.
31 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background or methods in this paper
...These includes, Filtered-X LMS control algorithm [159], adaptive notch filter based multipurpose technique [131], [150], Back-Propagation control control [147], adaptive filter [148], modified synchronous detection [149], kernel incremental meta-learning algorithm [151], adaptive linear optimal filter [160], empirical mode decomposition [153], adaptive learning-based anti-Hebbian [146], noise cancellation [161], adaptive notch filter (ANF) [157], automatic synchronization control control [162], ANFIS based con-...
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: Improved steady-state and dynamic performances are observed with the proposed nonlinear adaptive estimation based control approach and the total harmonic distortions in grid currents are found well within the limits prescribed by an IEEE-519 standard.
Abstract: This paper presents a multipurpose three-phase double-stage grid interfaced photovoltaic (GPV) system using an adaptive nonlinear control strategy. Along with a peak power extraction from a photovoltaic array, the proposed system is capable of harmonics currents elimination, reactive power compensation, grid currents balancing, and adaptive dc-link voltage control. The fundamental and harmonics information from the polluted load current are precisely estimated using an adaptive observer. A strictly positive real Lyapunov function is used to derive update laws for an adaptive observer. The DC-link voltage is adaptively adjusted in proportion to the point of common coupling voltage to minimize switching losses in voltage source converter and to avoid its tripping in sensitive distribution grids. A feed-forward loop for PV contribution is included to improve system response under dynamic conditions. Simulated and test results depict the performance of the GPV system with aforementioned functionalities. Improved steady-state and dynamic performances are observed with the proposed nonlinear adaptive estimation based control approach. The total harmonic distortions in grid currents are found well within the limits prescribed by an IEEE-519 standard.
31 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background or methods in this paper
...trol [163], proportional resonant integral (PRI) controller [164], optimized reactive power compensation algorithm (RPCA) [165], adaptive observer-based harmonic cancellation technique [130], non-linear adaptive controller [166], anti-windup [167], damped second order generalized integrator (DSOGI) [168], [169], decoupled adaptive noise detection (DAND) [170], admittance LMS neural network [126], LMF algorithm [171], combined LMS-LMF [172], momentum least mean square (MLMS) [173], improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST) [174], [175] and modified RLS [128]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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