Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid With Renewable Energy Penetration
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration is presented.
Abstract: Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.
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TL;DR: A critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration is presented, to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the P Q disturbances even in the noisy environment.
Abstract: The global concern with power quality is increasing due to the penetration of renewable energy (RE) sources to cater the energy demands and meet de-carbonization targets. Power quality (PQ) disturbances are found to be more predominant with RE penetration due to the variable outputs and interfacing converters. There is a need to recognize and mitigate PQ disturbances to supply clean power to the consumer. This article presents a critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration. The broad perspective of this review paper is to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the PQ disturbances even in the noisy environment. More than 220 research publications have been critically reviewed, classified and listed for quick reference of the engineers, scientists and academicians working in the power quality area.
104 citations
Cites background from "Comprehensive Review of Distributed..."
...These classified disturbances are later mitigated in the mitigation stage using distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices [37]....
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TL;DR: A thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications and the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues are provided.
Abstract: Power quality is a pressing concern and of the utmost importance for advanced and high-tech equipment in particular, whose performance relies heavily on the supply’s quality. Power quality issues like voltage sags/swells, harmonics, interruptions, etc. are defined as any deviations in current, voltage, or frequency that result in end-use equipment damage or failure. Sensitive loads like medical equipment in hospitals and health clinics, schools, prisons, etc. malfunction for the outages and interruptions, thereby causing substantial economic losses. For enhancing power quality, custom power devices (CPDs) are recommended, among which the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is considered as the best and cost-effective solution. DVR is a power electronic-based solution to mitigate and compensate voltage sags. This paper provides a thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications. The review compares the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues, the DVR principle along with its operation modes, the DVR components, the DVR topologies based on energy storage, the DVR topologies based on single-/three-phase power converters, and the DVR topologies based on control units that have different control processing stages. Furthermore, modified and improved configurations of the DVR, as well as its integration with distributed generations, are described. This work serves as a comprehensive and useful reference for those who have an interest in researching DVRs.
58 citations
TL;DR: A critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications for ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods is provided.
Abstract: Energy storage system (ESS) has been expected to be a viable solution which can provide diverse benefits to different power system stakeholders, including generation side, transmission network (TN), distribution network (DN) and off-grid microgrid. Prudent ESS allocation in power grids determines satisfactory performance of ESS applications. Optimal sizing and placement of ESS are crucial for power quality improvement of DN and transmission system protection setting. To solve this issue, considerable researches have been done either in modelling or algorithms. However, various options and complex characteristics in different sub-systems make it difficult to appraise a specific method for an ESS application, while the existing reviews only focus on ESS applications in DN. This paper provides a critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications. Meanwhile, a systematic methodology is presented with an extensive latest literature review, including ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods. Particularly, different technical requirements and modelling methods of different sub-systems are outlined. Besides, pros and cons of optimization methods are thoroughly analysed and compared to reveal state-of-the-art studies. Finally, key points in optimal ESS sizing and placement are concluded along with recommendations for future research.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare and relate prior and latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions and highlight the recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
Abstract: Recently, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into electrical power systems is witnessing a large attention due to their inexhaustibility, environmental benefits, storage capabilities, lower maintenance and stronger economy, etc. Among these RESs, offshore wind power plants (OWPP) are ones of the most widespread power plants that have emerged with regard to being competitive with other energy technologies. However, the application of power electronic converters (PECs), offshore transmission lines and large substation transformers result in considerable power quality (PQ) issues in grid connected OWPP. Moreover, due to the installation of filters for each OWPP, some other challenges such as voltage and frequency stability arise. In this regard, various customs power devices along with integration control methodologies have been implemented to deal with stated issues. Furthermore, for a smooth and reliable operation of the system, each country established various grid codes. Although various mitigation schemes and related standards for OWPP are documented separately, a comprehensive review covering these aspects has not yet addressed in the literature. The objective of this study is to compare and relate prior as well as latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions. Low voltage ride through (LVRT) schemes and associated grid codes prevalent for the interconnection of OWPP based power grid have been deliberated. In addition, various PQ issues and mitigation options such as FACTS based filters, DFIG based adaptive and conventional control algorithms, ESS based methods and LVRT requirements have been summarized and compared. Finally, recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm.
Abstract: With the development of wind power generation in recent years, several studies have dealt with the active and reactive power control of wind power systems, along with the quality of energy produced and the connection to distribution networks. In this context, this research proposes a new contribution to the field. The major objective of this work is the development of a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm. The backstepping control strategy is based on the Lyapunov nonlinear technique to guarantee the stability of the system. It is applied to the two converters (i.e., machine and network sides) and subsequently improved with estimators to make the proposed system robust to parametric variation. The RTO technique is based on monitoring the behavior of the underlying foundation of trees in search of underground water in accordance with the level of underground control. The solution proposed for the control is validated using two methods: (1) a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink to test the continuation of the reference (real wind speed) and the robustness of the system and (2) a real-time implementation on a dSPACE-DS1104 board connected to an experimental bench in a laboratory. Simulation and experimental results highlight the validation of the proposed model with better performance compared with other control techniques, such as sliding mode control, direct power control, and field-oriented control.
32 citations
References
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TL;DR: This paper proposes a two-stage approach including a new bio-inspired algorithm, Coyote Optimization Algorithm (COA), to solve the large-scale MINLP PV-DG sizing problem considering different load levels, and shows that the proposed method leads to lower loss, a minimum number of regulator tap changes, and higher PV penetration capacity among the compared methods.
Abstract: The optimal planning for distributed generations (DGs) associated with photovoltaics (PVs) in the utility-owned distribution system is crucial for increasing high penetration of renewables while against practical system operation constraints. Such PV-DG planning is categorized as a complicated mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem and is extremely difficult to solve by using conventional methods. In recent years, several bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithms have been proposed to tackle various complicated real-parameter optimization problems. This paper proposes a two-stage approach including a new bio-inspired algorithm, Coyote Optimization Algorithm (COA), to solve the large-scale MINLP PV-DG sizing problem considering different load levels. The objective function terms under consideration include the total system power loss and voltage regulator tap changes at different load levels while against limits of rms bus voltages, tap changes, and PV-DG constraints at each candidate bus. The proposed method is tested using the IEEE 123-bus unbalanced benchmark system and an actual utility distribution network. Results obtained are then compared with those obtained by a classic MINLP solver-based and four other bio-inspired methods. Moreover, results also show that the proposed method leads to lower loss, a minimum number of regulator tap changes, and higher PV penetration capacity among the compared methods and is suitable for solving the large-scale PV-DG planning problem in distribution systems.
25 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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...The other important issues associated with RE placement, sizing and voltage ride-through in distribution systems reported in [10], [11]....
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TL;DR: A control approach based on second-order generalised integrator (SOGI) and delayed signal cancellation (DSC) for improved control of single-phase two-stage solar photovoltaic array integrated unified power quality conditioner (UPQC-SPV).
Abstract: This study proposes a control approach based on second-order generalised integrator (SOGI) and delayed signal cancellation (DSC) for improved control of single-phase two-stage solar photovoltaic array integrated unified power quality conditioner (UPQC-SPV). The SPV array is integrated to the DC link of UPQC-SPV through a simple boost converter. The boost converter is controlled using a maximum power point tracking algorithm to operate SPV array at its peak power point. The series compensator control is based on extraction of point of common coupling voltage template using two cascaded SOGI (CSOGI) band-pass filter. The shunt compensator control is based on extraction on fundamental load current. As the load current is highly non-linear, a combination of CSOGI and DSC is used to extract fundamental active component of load current, from which the reference signal for shunt compensator is generated. This approach allows good accuracy in extraction of fundamental component of load current without sacrificing the dynamic performance. The performance of UPQC-SPV is verified experimentally on a prototype developed in the laboratory under dynamic conditions such as load change, voltage sags/swells and irradiation variation.
24 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...These are found to be effective in improving system stability and mitigating PQ issues with RE penetration [61], [62]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: A Volterra-filter-based control algorithm is developed to generate reference currents for a solar photovoltaic-distribution static compensator (PV-DSTATCOM) system in the distribution network, and the error function of the system converges to zero asymptotically.
Abstract: In this paper, a Volterra-filter-based control algorithm is developed to generate reference currents for a solar photovoltaic-distribution static compensator (PV-DSTATCOM) system in the distribution network The developed control is analyzed for being stable under Lyapunov stability criterion; consequently, the error function of the system converges to zero asymptotically The PV-DSTATCOM system is integrated to the grid to compensate the nonlinear load, while supplying solar PV array active power to the grid The system is modeled in MATLAB and is executed on a developed prototype in the laboratory, under balanced, unbalanced loading conditions, and variable insolation conditions Moreover, the harmonic distortion of the grid currents is observed under the IEEE-519 standard
24 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background or methods in this paper
...This configuration has also been utilized for the multi-functional operation of DSTATCOM in [72], [73] to show system capabilities....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: A three-phase grid-integrated solar photovoltaic system incorporating a control technique based on a modified decorrelation normalized least mean square (DNLMS) algorithm, aiming to enhance its overall performance under adverse conditions, is presented in this work.
Abstract: An integration of renewable sources based distributed generating systems encounters various power quality issues due to uncertain loads at the distribution end. These uncertainties arise due to nonlinearity, disturbances or unbalanced loads. A three-phase grid-integrated solar photovoltaic (PV) system incorporating a control technique based on a modified decorrelation normalized least mean square (DNLMS) algorithm, aiming to enhance its overall performance under adverse conditions, is presented in this work. The three-phase, grid-tied, single-stage solar PV system comprises a solar PV array with a suitable maximum power point tracking method, filters, loads, and a capacitor fed voltage source converter (VSC). The key objective of the solar PV integrated structure with an adaptive law based control algorithm is to attain a unity power factor (UPF) at the grid end ensuring harmonics mitigation from the grid currents. Moreover, this structure effectively transfers active power from the PV array to the local loads and the grid. These aforesaid objectives are achieved through providing controlled switching pulses to the insulated gate bipolar transistor based VSC using the modified DNLMS control algorithm with fast convergence rate. Harmonics-free, sinusoidal reference grid currents, are obtained by using the modified DNLMS algorithm. A simulation model developed in MATLAB/Simulink is used for the validation of the modified DNLMS-based control approach. In the laboratory, an experimental prototype is developed and the proposed algorithm is implemented to verify its performance.
24 citations
17 Jun 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared nine control algorithms viz. instantaneous p-q theory, instantaneous modified p-Q theory, synchronous reference frame theory, average unity power factor (AUPF) theory, vectorial theories, instantaneous symmetrical components theory, ISCT, AGCT, and instantaneous global control theory (IGCT) for different operating conditions of distribution system.
Abstract: A number of control algorithms have been developed for load compensation using DSTATCOM. Choice of an algorithms according to the system therefore, becomes a topic of interest for the researchers. In this paper, nine control algorithms viz. instantaneous p-q theory, instantaneous modified p-q theory, synchronous reference frame theory, instantaneous p-q-r theory, average unity power factor (AUPF) theory, vectorial theory, instantaneous symmetrical components theory (ISCT), average global control theory (AGCT), and instantaneous global control theory (IGCT) are compared for different operating conditions of distribution system. The cases considered for system operation are nonlinear balanced load with balanced source, nonlinear unbalanced load with balanced source, nonlinear unbalanced load with unbalanced source, and nonlinear unbalanced load with non-sinusoidal balanced source. The performance of the system simulated on MATLAB platform is evaluated considering source current total harmonic distortion (THDI), total distortion content (TDC), and neutral current magnitude. The results show that ISCT, AGCT and IGCT control algorithms are able to compensate the load and improve system performance over other algorithms.
23 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...These includes, power balance control [101], instantaneous symmetrical components control [102], sliding mode control (SMC) [103], average unit power factor control [104], voltage template and PI controller [105], PLL based control [106] and their modifiedmethods....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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