Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid With Renewable Energy Penetration
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration is presented.
Abstract: Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.
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TL;DR: A critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration is presented, to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the P Q disturbances even in the noisy environment.
Abstract: The global concern with power quality is increasing due to the penetration of renewable energy (RE) sources to cater the energy demands and meet de-carbonization targets. Power quality (PQ) disturbances are found to be more predominant with RE penetration due to the variable outputs and interfacing converters. There is a need to recognize and mitigate PQ disturbances to supply clean power to the consumer. This article presents a critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration. The broad perspective of this review paper is to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the PQ disturbances even in the noisy environment. More than 220 research publications have been critically reviewed, classified and listed for quick reference of the engineers, scientists and academicians working in the power quality area.
104 citations
Cites background from "Comprehensive Review of Distributed..."
...These classified disturbances are later mitigated in the mitigation stage using distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices [37]....
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TL;DR: A thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications and the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues are provided.
Abstract: Power quality is a pressing concern and of the utmost importance for advanced and high-tech equipment in particular, whose performance relies heavily on the supply’s quality. Power quality issues like voltage sags/swells, harmonics, interruptions, etc. are defined as any deviations in current, voltage, or frequency that result in end-use equipment damage or failure. Sensitive loads like medical equipment in hospitals and health clinics, schools, prisons, etc. malfunction for the outages and interruptions, thereby causing substantial economic losses. For enhancing power quality, custom power devices (CPDs) are recommended, among which the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is considered as the best and cost-effective solution. DVR is a power electronic-based solution to mitigate and compensate voltage sags. This paper provides a thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications. The review compares the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues, the DVR principle along with its operation modes, the DVR components, the DVR topologies based on energy storage, the DVR topologies based on single-/three-phase power converters, and the DVR topologies based on control units that have different control processing stages. Furthermore, modified and improved configurations of the DVR, as well as its integration with distributed generations, are described. This work serves as a comprehensive and useful reference for those who have an interest in researching DVRs.
58 citations
TL;DR: A critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications for ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods is provided.
Abstract: Energy storage system (ESS) has been expected to be a viable solution which can provide diverse benefits to different power system stakeholders, including generation side, transmission network (TN), distribution network (DN) and off-grid microgrid. Prudent ESS allocation in power grids determines satisfactory performance of ESS applications. Optimal sizing and placement of ESS are crucial for power quality improvement of DN and transmission system protection setting. To solve this issue, considerable researches have been done either in modelling or algorithms. However, various options and complex characteristics in different sub-systems make it difficult to appraise a specific method for an ESS application, while the existing reviews only focus on ESS applications in DN. This paper provides a critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications. Meanwhile, a systematic methodology is presented with an extensive latest literature review, including ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods. Particularly, different technical requirements and modelling methods of different sub-systems are outlined. Besides, pros and cons of optimization methods are thoroughly analysed and compared to reveal state-of-the-art studies. Finally, key points in optimal ESS sizing and placement are concluded along with recommendations for future research.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare and relate prior and latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions and highlight the recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
Abstract: Recently, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into electrical power systems is witnessing a large attention due to their inexhaustibility, environmental benefits, storage capabilities, lower maintenance and stronger economy, etc. Among these RESs, offshore wind power plants (OWPP) are ones of the most widespread power plants that have emerged with regard to being competitive with other energy technologies. However, the application of power electronic converters (PECs), offshore transmission lines and large substation transformers result in considerable power quality (PQ) issues in grid connected OWPP. Moreover, due to the installation of filters for each OWPP, some other challenges such as voltage and frequency stability arise. In this regard, various customs power devices along with integration control methodologies have been implemented to deal with stated issues. Furthermore, for a smooth and reliable operation of the system, each country established various grid codes. Although various mitigation schemes and related standards for OWPP are documented separately, a comprehensive review covering these aspects has not yet addressed in the literature. The objective of this study is to compare and relate prior as well as latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions. Low voltage ride through (LVRT) schemes and associated grid codes prevalent for the interconnection of OWPP based power grid have been deliberated. In addition, various PQ issues and mitigation options such as FACTS based filters, DFIG based adaptive and conventional control algorithms, ESS based methods and LVRT requirements have been summarized and compared. Finally, recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm.
Abstract: With the development of wind power generation in recent years, several studies have dealt with the active and reactive power control of wind power systems, along with the quality of energy produced and the connection to distribution networks. In this context, this research proposes a new contribution to the field. The major objective of this work is the development of a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm. The backstepping control strategy is based on the Lyapunov nonlinear technique to guarantee the stability of the system. It is applied to the two converters (i.e., machine and network sides) and subsequently improved with estimators to make the proposed system robust to parametric variation. The RTO technique is based on monitoring the behavior of the underlying foundation of trees in search of underground water in accordance with the level of underground control. The solution proposed for the control is validated using two methods: (1) a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink to test the continuation of the reference (real wind speed) and the robustness of the system and (2) a real-time implementation on a dSPACE-DS1104 board connected to an experimental bench in a laboratory. Simulation and experimental results highlight the validation of the proposed model with better performance compared with other control techniques, such as sliding mode control, direct power control, and field-oriented control.
32 citations
References
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01 Nov 2013
TL;DR: Simulation results in MATLAB environment show that the convergence speed of fuzzy logic based variable step size LMS is much faster and its performance is better than LMS based Adaline under varying load conditions in DSTATCOM application for power quality improvement.
Abstract: In various practical applications such as harmonic current elimination, reactive power compensation and power factor correction many adaptive filtering techniques are used for control of DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator). This paper presents a comparative study of the performance of two weight updating adaptive algorithm LMS (Least Mean Square) based ADALINE (Adaptive Linear Neural Network) and Fuzzy logic based variable step size LMS used for harmonic current detection using VSC (Voltage Source Converter) based DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator). Simulation results in MATLAB environment show that the convergence speed of fuzzy logic based variable step size LMS is much faster and its performance is better than LMS based Adaline under varying load conditions in DSTATCOM application for power quality improvement.
23 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...This adaptive constant is kept between the range [0-1] to obtain desired results [122], [123]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: The proposed small hydro and solar photo-voltaic generation and SPV system operates either in grid connected mode or an islanded mode depending on grid availability, and improves the power quality of the hydro generator and the grid by elimination of current harmonics, load balancing, and compensation of reactive power under nonlinear loads.
Abstract: This paper proposes a small hydro (ac) and solar photo-voltaic (SPV) generation (dc)-based dual mode multi-functional reconfigurable system. The small hydro system is connected to the point of common coupling (PCC) directly. The SPV system is connected to ac side (PCC) through a boost converter and a voltage source converter (VSC). A storage system is integrated across dc link of VSC through a bidirectional converter to balance the generation and the loads in an islanded mode. The distinguished feature of proposed system is that it operates either in grid connected mode or an islanded mode depending on grid availability. It supplies uninterruptable power to emergency loads. An important aspect of control strategy is that it automatically synchronizes the system to the grid when the grid is available in an islanded mode. It also disconnects the system from the grid when a fault occurs on the grid feeder in grid connected mode. In an islanded mode, it regulates voltage and frequency of hydro generator across PCC. In grid connected mode, it regulates the current fed by VSC. It also improves the power quality of the hydro generator and the grid by elimination of current harmonics, load balancing, and compensation of reactive power under nonlinear loads. The performance of proposed system is found satisfactory in transient modes and in dynamic conditions. The interruption time in the load end voltage and resynchronization time are well within an IEEE 1547 standard. The total harmonic distortion of grid current, hydro generator current and load voltage is also well under IEEE 519 standard even at nonlinear loads.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the power quality improvement of a permanent magnet-synchronous generator-based diesel generator (DG) set feeding three-phase loads using a static compensator (STATCOM) is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents power quality improvement of a permanent-magnet-synchronous-generator-based diesel generator (DG) set feeding three-phase loads using a static compensator (STATCOM). A three-leg voltage-source converter (VSC) with a capacitor on the dc link is used as a STATCOM. The reference source currents for the system are estimated using an Adaline-based control algorithm. A pulsewidth modulation current controller is used for generation of gating pulses of insulated-gate bipolar transistors of the three-leg VSC of the STATCOM. The STATCOM is able to provide voltage control, harmonics elimination, power factor improvement, load balancing, and load compensation. The performance of the system is experimentally tested on various types of loads under steady-state and dynamic conditions. A three-phase induction motor with variable-frequency drive is used as a prototype of diesel engine with the speed regulation. Therefore, the DG set is run at constant speed so that the frequency of supply remains constant irrespective of loading condition.
23 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The weights are continuously updated until least mean square error is obtained [31], [120], [121] The weights are updated using following equation,...
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: An adaptive theory based momentum least mean square (MLMS) algorithm is used to operate the voltage source converter, which enhances the power quality in the system and it is observed that with inputs having high noise components, the MLMS algorithm performs better.
Abstract: This paper addresses the compensation of power quality problems such as balancing of load, compensation of neutral current, and distortions of the load current in a wind-based renewable energy system working at an isolated location for small consumers. For this purpose, an adaptive theory based momentum least mean square (MLMS) algorithm is used to operate the voltage source converter, which enhances the power quality in the system. This control is also responsible for keeping constant frequency and voltage at the point of common interface under mechanical and electrical transients. In addition, the reactive power is also compensated. The MLMS is a modified control of basic LMS that utilizes the past gradient information to reach improved adaptation performance instead of using its current value. This control has removed the drawback of LMS algorithms such as weight convergence dependence on the selection of the step size parameter. Moreover, it is observed that with inputs having high noise components, the MLMS algorithm performs better. Therefore, the application of the proposed control seems better in wind-based power generation where the input conditions are uncertain. The entire setup is developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK as well as tested in a real-time implementation. The performance results are observed to be effective.
22 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background or methods in this paper
...These includes, Filtered-X LMS control algorithm [159], adaptive notch filter based multipurpose technique [131], [150], Back-Propagation control control [147], adaptive filter [148], modified synchronous detection [149], kernel incremental meta-learning algorithm [151], adaptive linear optimal filter [160], empirical mode decomposition [153], adaptive learning-based anti-Hebbian [146], noise cancellation [161], adaptive notch filter (ANF) [157], automatic synchronization control control [162], ANFIS based control [163], proportional resonant integral (PRI) controller [164], optimized reactive power compensation algorithm (RPCA) [165], adaptive observer-based harmonic cancellation technique [130], non-linear adaptive controller [166], anti-windup [167], damped second order generalized integrator (DSOGI) [168], [169], decoupled adaptive noise detection (DAND) [170], admittance LMS neural network [126], LMF algorithm [171], combined LMS-LMF [172], momentum least mean square (MLMS) [173], improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST) [174], [175] and modified RLS [128]....
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...trol [163], proportional resonant integral (PRI) controller [164], optimized reactive power compensation algorithm (RPCA) [165], adaptive observer-based harmonic cancellation technique [130], non-linear adaptive controller [166], anti-windup [167], damped second order generalized integrator (DSOGI) [168], [169], decoupled adaptive noise detection (DAND) [170], admittance LMS neural network [126], LMF algorithm [171], combined LMS-LMF [172], momentum least mean square (MLMS) [173], improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST) [174], [175] and modified RLS [128]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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17 Jul 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, a nonlinear control scheme to regulate the dc-link voltage for extracting the maximum power from PV system and the current to control the amount of injected power into the grid is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a nonlinear control scheme to regulate the dc-link voltage for extracting the maximum power from PV system and the current to control the amount of injected power into the grid. The controller is designed using an adaptive backstepping technique by considering the parameters of the system as totally unknown. The control of power injection into the grid requires the regulation of active and reactive components of the output current of the inverter in order to control active and reactive power, respectively. The proposed controller is adaptive to unknown parameters of grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and these parameters are estimated through the adaptation laws while guaranteeing the extraction of maximum power from the PV system and delivering appropriate active and reactive power into the grid. The overall stability of the whole system is analyzed based on the formulation of control Lyapunov functions (CLFs). Finally, the performance of the designed controller is tested on a three-phase grid-connected PV system under changeing environmental conditions and the result is also compared with an existing backstepping controller in terms of improving power quality. Simulation results indicate the robustness of the proposed scheme under changing atmospheric conditions.
21 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background or methods in this paper
...trol [163], proportional resonant integral (PRI) controller [164], optimized reactive power compensation algorithm (RPCA) [165], adaptive observer-based harmonic cancellation technique [130], non-linear adaptive controller [166], anti-windup [167], damped second order generalized integrator (DSOGI) [168], [169], decoupled adaptive noise detection (DAND) [170], admittance LMS neural network [126], LMF algorithm [171], combined LMS-LMF [172], momentum least mean square (MLMS) [173], improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST) [174], [175] and modified RLS [128]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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