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Journal ArticleDOI

Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid With Renewable Energy Penetration

TL;DR: A comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration is presented.
Abstract: Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration is presented, to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the P Q disturbances even in the noisy environment.
Abstract: The global concern with power quality is increasing due to the penetration of renewable energy (RE) sources to cater the energy demands and meet de-carbonization targets. Power quality (PQ) disturbances are found to be more predominant with RE penetration due to the variable outputs and interfacing converters. There is a need to recognize and mitigate PQ disturbances to supply clean power to the consumer. This article presents a critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration. The broad perspective of this review paper is to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the PQ disturbances even in the noisy environment. More than 220 research publications have been critically reviewed, classified and listed for quick reference of the engineers, scientists and academicians working in the power quality area.

104 citations


Cites background from "Comprehensive Review of Distributed..."

  • ...These classified disturbances are later mitigated in the mitigation stage using distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices [37]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
11 Aug 2020-Energies
TL;DR: A thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications and the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues are provided.
Abstract: Power quality is a pressing concern and of the utmost importance for advanced and high-tech equipment in particular, whose performance relies heavily on the supply’s quality. Power quality issues like voltage sags/swells, harmonics, interruptions, etc. are defined as any deviations in current, voltage, or frequency that result in end-use equipment damage or failure. Sensitive loads like medical equipment in hospitals and health clinics, schools, prisons, etc. malfunction for the outages and interruptions, thereby causing substantial economic losses. For enhancing power quality, custom power devices (CPDs) are recommended, among which the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is considered as the best and cost-effective solution. DVR is a power electronic-based solution to mitigate and compensate voltage sags. This paper provides a thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications. The review compares the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues, the DVR principle along with its operation modes, the DVR components, the DVR topologies based on energy storage, the DVR topologies based on single-/three-phase power converters, and the DVR topologies based on control units that have different control processing stages. Furthermore, modified and improved configurations of the DVR, as well as its integration with distributed generations, are described. This work serves as a comprehensive and useful reference for those who have an interest in researching DVRs.

58 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications for ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods is provided.
Abstract: Energy storage system (ESS) has been expected to be a viable solution which can provide diverse benefits to different power system stakeholders, including generation side, transmission network (TN), distribution network (DN) and off-grid microgrid. Prudent ESS allocation in power grids determines satisfactory performance of ESS applications. Optimal sizing and placement of ESS are crucial for power quality improvement of DN and transmission system protection setting. To solve this issue, considerable researches have been done either in modelling or algorithms. However, various options and complex characteristics in different sub-systems make it difficult to appraise a specific method for an ESS application, while the existing reviews only focus on ESS applications in DN. This paper provides a critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications. Meanwhile, a systematic methodology is presented with an extensive latest literature review, including ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods. Particularly, different technical requirements and modelling methods of different sub-systems are outlined. Besides, pros and cons of optimization methods are thoroughly analysed and compared to reveal state-of-the-art studies. Finally, key points in optimal ESS sizing and placement are concluded along with recommendations for future research.

52 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare and relate prior and latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions and highlight the recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
Abstract: Recently, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into electrical power systems is witnessing a large attention due to their inexhaustibility, environmental benefits, storage capabilities, lower maintenance and stronger economy, etc. Among these RESs, offshore wind power plants (OWPP) are ones of the most widespread power plants that have emerged with regard to being competitive with other energy technologies. However, the application of power electronic converters (PECs), offshore transmission lines and large substation transformers result in considerable power quality (PQ) issues in grid connected OWPP. Moreover, due to the installation of filters for each OWPP, some other challenges such as voltage and frequency stability arise. In this regard, various customs power devices along with integration control methodologies have been implemented to deal with stated issues. Furthermore, for a smooth and reliable operation of the system, each country established various grid codes. Although various mitigation schemes and related standards for OWPP are documented separately, a comprehensive review covering these aspects has not yet addressed in the literature. The objective of this study is to compare and relate prior as well as latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions. Low voltage ride through (LVRT) schemes and associated grid codes prevalent for the interconnection of OWPP based power grid have been deliberated. In addition, various PQ issues and mitigation options such as FACTS based filters, DFIG based adaptive and conventional control algorithms, ESS based methods and LVRT requirements have been summarized and compared. Finally, recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.

34 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm.
Abstract: With the development of wind power generation in recent years, several studies have dealt with the active and reactive power control of wind power systems, along with the quality of energy produced and the connection to distribution networks. In this context, this research proposes a new contribution to the field. The major objective of this work is the development of a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm. The backstepping control strategy is based on the Lyapunov nonlinear technique to guarantee the stability of the system. It is applied to the two converters (i.e., machine and network sides) and subsequently improved with estimators to make the proposed system robust to parametric variation. The RTO technique is based on monitoring the behavior of the underlying foundation of trees in search of underground water in accordance with the level of underground control. The solution proposed for the control is validated using two methods: (1) a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink to test the continuation of the reference (real wind speed) and the robustness of the system and (2) a real-time implementation on a dSPACE-DS1104 board connected to an experimental bench in a laboratory. Simulation and experimental results highlight the validation of the proposed model with better performance compared with other control techniques, such as sliding mode control, direct power control, and field-oriented control.

32 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Partially decoupled adaptive Volterra filter (PDAVF) based control for a three-phase two-stage grid-interfaced photovoltaic (GPV) system with improved steady state and dynamic performances and total harmonic distortion of grid currents meet an IEEE-519 standard.
Abstract: This paper deals with partially decoupled adaptive Volterra filter (PDAVF) based control for a three-phase two-stage grid-interfaced photovoltaic (GPV) system. Besides maximum power extraction, the proposed control is having the potential of grid currents balancing, harmonics currents mitigation, reactive power compensation, and adaptive adjustment of DC bus voltage. The control technique is efficient in extraction of weight component of reference grid currents and an adaptation routine of filter weights uses the principle of fifth-order PDAVF with single-element observation vector implemented by using the method of least mean squares (LMS). An increased order of partial filter assures accurate estimation of filter weights by adaptive weight update at each filter step. The convergence is ensured by providing bounds on algorithm's step size. The algorithm overcomes drawbacks of Adaline-based LMS and LMF (least mean fourth) based weight estimations without imposing high computational burden. The switching losses in voltage source converter are minimized using adaptive DC bus voltage. Effectiveness of PDAVF is presented through simulation and test results. These results are found satisfactory with improved steady state and dynamic performances and total harmonic distortion of grid currents meet an IEEE-519 standard.

21 citations


"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...These control algorithms have been successfully validated in the hardware framework using R&D controllers such as DSP, FPGA and dSPACE [35], [36]....

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  • ...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The operating principle and performance of a generalized impedance controller (GIC)-based novel speed adaptive stator current compensator for voltage and frequency regulation of self-excited induction generator (SEIG) in standalone system feeding three-phase four-wire (3P4W) loads is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents the operating principle and performance of a generalized impedance controller (GIC)-based novel speed adaptive stator current compensator for voltage and frequency regulation of self-excited induction generator (SEIG) in standalone system feeding three-phase four-wire (3P4W) loads. The GIC has three one-phase full-bridge voltage source converters in 3P4W configuration with a battery bank at common dc bus. Before installing the SEIG on site, its rotor speed versus stator current characteristics is established by driving SEIG over a range of supersynchronous speeds, while the stator is connected to the ac source of rated voltage and frequency. The key aspect of this method is restoration of SEIG stator current in each phase to the pre-established speed-dependent stator current reference under unbalanced load and source perturbations. This is attained by identifying the modulation index and angle of individual GIC phase voltages using time integrals of active–reactive current amplitude errors of the respective stator phase. When these integrals attain steady value, the SEIG phase currents and voltages get restored, while the GIC operating in grid-forming mode locks the system frequency at a desired value. Integrated system model is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to study the effects of perturbations on regulating the SEIG stator phase currents, voltages, and frequency. Efficacy of the scheme is validated experimentally by DSP-based implementation of the control algorithm.

21 citations


"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The self-excited induction generator with adaptive stator current compensator for voltage and speed control is presented in [83]....

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  • ...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2007
TL;DR: Simulation results justify enhanced power quality of the system with BESS application and perform better than expected for linear, non-linear balanced and unbalanced loads.
Abstract: This paper deals with model of battery energy operated system for a 425kVA DG set using Simulink and Power System Block-set in MATLAB environment Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is employed for compensation along with a small synchronous generator of 425kVA capacity coupled to a diesel engine as a prime mover The DG set feeds a wide variety of loads The performance of the system is simulated for linear, non-linear balanced and unbalanced loads Simulation results justify enhanced power quality of the system with BESS application

21 citations


"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper

  • ...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....

    [...]

  • ...These reference currents consist of in-phase component (active component) and out-phase component (quadrature component) as presented in [95], [96]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The designed system with the proposed control method can provide a significant improvement in the neutral-current compensation, phase balancing, and unbalance factor compared to a fixed-capacity 3P-4L SVSI.
Abstract: The presence of a neutral current is quite common in three-phase (3P) four-wire (4W) distribution systems due to an unequal distribution of linear and nonlinear single-phase (1P) loads and small distributed generators However, a high neutral current can overload the neutral conductor and distribution transformer, which can cause electrical safety concerns and even fire Among several existing neutral current compensators, the 3P four-leg (4L) voltage-source inverter (VSI) provides better control flexibility and more efficient performance than the passive compensators but requires a higher VSI capacity for the fourth-leg operation To provide a solution to the aforementioned problem, this paper presents a novel control method to utilize the available capacity of a 3P-4L VSI after active and reactive power regulation to enhance the neutral-current compensation A smart VSI (SVSI) is designed to operate with a solar photovoltaic unit, regulate the ac side voltage, and minimize the neutral current Case studies are conducted with actual load data from a commercial building in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment The designed system with the proposed control method can provide a significant improvement in the neutral-current compensation, phase balancing, and unbalance factor compared to a fixed-capacity 3P-4L SVSI Experimental results using a TMS320F28335 digital signal processor microcontroller and modified Semiteach 3P-4L inverter are presented to verify the robustness of the designed controller and the enhancement to the neutral-current compensation using the proposed dynamic capacity-control method

21 citations


"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper

  • ...to compensate the neutral current [87], mitigate unbalanced load variations [88] and excessive neutral current [89], [90]....

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  • ...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 May 2003
TL;DR: The IEEE P1547 standard for interconnection of distributed resources with electric power systems is the first in a series of planned interconnection standards as mentioned in this paper, and is a benchmark milestone for the IEEE standards consensus process.
Abstract: The IEEE P1547 Standard For Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Electric Power Systems is the first in the P1547-series of planned interconnection standards, and, there are additional standards needed. There are major issues and obstacles to an orderly transition to using and integrating distributed power resources with electric power systems (grid or utility grid). The lack of uniform national interconnection standards and tests for interconnection operation and certification, as well as the lack of uniform national building, electrical, and safety codes, are understood, and, resolving that needs reasonable lead time to develop and promulgate consensus. The P1547 standard is a benchmark milestone for the IEEE standards consensus process and successfully demonstrates a model for ongoing success in developing further national standards and for moving forward in modernizing our nation's electric power system.

20 citations


"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The sensitive loads also connected at PCC, which is considered as a distribution load....

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  • ...However, the current value of this dc voltage error is, vde(n) = v∗dc(n)− vdc(n) (7) where, v∗dc; reference DC bus voltage calculated as (v∗dc = 2 √ 2vLL/ √ 3m). vLL represents voltage (line to line) at PCC, m is modulation index. vdc; actual DC link voltage....

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  • ...HARDWARE ARCHITECTURES OF MODERN UTILITY GRID Block diagram of the new utility network with sensitive load, power quality mitigation device and RE sources at PCC is illustrated in Fig 2....

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  • ...Wind Energy source and Solar-PV have been considered as a renewable energy source, which is connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) through grid side converter (GSC) with the conventional generator....

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  • ...Reactive loss component (iqr (n)) is utilized to maintain terminal voltage at PCC, this is derived from PI voltage regulator. iqr (n) = iqr (n− 1)+ kpq(vte(n)− vte(n− 1)) + kiqvte(n) (4) where, iqr (n − 1) and vte(n − 1) are preceding value of reactive loss component and voltage error....

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