Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid With Renewable Energy Penetration
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration is presented.
Abstract: Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.
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TL;DR: A critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration is presented, to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the P Q disturbances even in the noisy environment.
Abstract: The global concern with power quality is increasing due to the penetration of renewable energy (RE) sources to cater the energy demands and meet de-carbonization targets. Power quality (PQ) disturbances are found to be more predominant with RE penetration due to the variable outputs and interfacing converters. There is a need to recognize and mitigate PQ disturbances to supply clean power to the consumer. This article presents a critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration. The broad perspective of this review paper is to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the PQ disturbances even in the noisy environment. More than 220 research publications have been critically reviewed, classified and listed for quick reference of the engineers, scientists and academicians working in the power quality area.
104 citations
Cites background from "Comprehensive Review of Distributed..."
...These classified disturbances are later mitigated in the mitigation stage using distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices [37]....
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TL;DR: A thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications and the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues are provided.
Abstract: Power quality is a pressing concern and of the utmost importance for advanced and high-tech equipment in particular, whose performance relies heavily on the supply’s quality. Power quality issues like voltage sags/swells, harmonics, interruptions, etc. are defined as any deviations in current, voltage, or frequency that result in end-use equipment damage or failure. Sensitive loads like medical equipment in hospitals and health clinics, schools, prisons, etc. malfunction for the outages and interruptions, thereby causing substantial economic losses. For enhancing power quality, custom power devices (CPDs) are recommended, among which the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is considered as the best and cost-effective solution. DVR is a power electronic-based solution to mitigate and compensate voltage sags. This paper provides a thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications. The review compares the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues, the DVR principle along with its operation modes, the DVR components, the DVR topologies based on energy storage, the DVR topologies based on single-/three-phase power converters, and the DVR topologies based on control units that have different control processing stages. Furthermore, modified and improved configurations of the DVR, as well as its integration with distributed generations, are described. This work serves as a comprehensive and useful reference for those who have an interest in researching DVRs.
58 citations
TL;DR: A critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications for ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods is provided.
Abstract: Energy storage system (ESS) has been expected to be a viable solution which can provide diverse benefits to different power system stakeholders, including generation side, transmission network (TN), distribution network (DN) and off-grid microgrid. Prudent ESS allocation in power grids determines satisfactory performance of ESS applications. Optimal sizing and placement of ESS are crucial for power quality improvement of DN and transmission system protection setting. To solve this issue, considerable researches have been done either in modelling or algorithms. However, various options and complex characteristics in different sub-systems make it difficult to appraise a specific method for an ESS application, while the existing reviews only focus on ESS applications in DN. This paper provides a critical one-stop handbook related to one hundred and four methods in six categories covering all kinds of networks and tailored applications. Meanwhile, a systematic methodology is presented with an extensive latest literature review, including ESS selection, evaluation criteria, modelling and solution methods. Particularly, different technical requirements and modelling methods of different sub-systems are outlined. Besides, pros and cons of optimization methods are thoroughly analysed and compared to reveal state-of-the-art studies. Finally, key points in optimal ESS sizing and placement are concluded along with recommendations for future research.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare and relate prior and latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions and highlight the recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
Abstract: Recently, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into electrical power systems is witnessing a large attention due to their inexhaustibility, environmental benefits, storage capabilities, lower maintenance and stronger economy, etc. Among these RESs, offshore wind power plants (OWPP) are ones of the most widespread power plants that have emerged with regard to being competitive with other energy technologies. However, the application of power electronic converters (PECs), offshore transmission lines and large substation transformers result in considerable power quality (PQ) issues in grid connected OWPP. Moreover, due to the installation of filters for each OWPP, some other challenges such as voltage and frequency stability arise. In this regard, various customs power devices along with integration control methodologies have been implemented to deal with stated issues. Furthermore, for a smooth and reliable operation of the system, each country established various grid codes. Although various mitigation schemes and related standards for OWPP are documented separately, a comprehensive review covering these aspects has not yet addressed in the literature. The objective of this study is to compare and relate prior as well as latest developments on PQ and stability challenges and their solutions. Low voltage ride through (LVRT) schemes and associated grid codes prevalent for the interconnection of OWPP based power grid have been deliberated. In addition, various PQ issues and mitigation options such as FACTS based filters, DFIG based adaptive and conventional control algorithms, ESS based methods and LVRT requirements have been summarized and compared. Finally, recommendations and future trends for PQ improvement are highlighted at the end.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm.
Abstract: With the development of wind power generation in recent years, several studies have dealt with the active and reactive power control of wind power systems, along with the quality of energy produced and the connection to distribution networks. In this context, this research proposes a new contribution to the field. The major objective of this work is the development of a nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique applied to a DFIG based wind system and an optimization technique that uses the rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm. The backstepping control strategy is based on the Lyapunov nonlinear technique to guarantee the stability of the system. It is applied to the two converters (i.e., machine and network sides) and subsequently improved with estimators to make the proposed system robust to parametric variation. The RTO technique is based on monitoring the behavior of the underlying foundation of trees in search of underground water in accordance with the level of underground control. The solution proposed for the control is validated using two methods: (1) a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink to test the continuation of the reference (real wind speed) and the robustness of the system and (2) a real-time implementation on a dSPACE-DS1104 board connected to an experimental bench in a laboratory. Simulation and experimental results highlight the validation of the proposed model with better performance compared with other control techniques, such as sliding mode control, direct power control, and field-oriented control.
32 citations
References
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01 Dec 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, a decentralized power generation in the form of integrated system is proposed comprising of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, a wind energy system (WES) and a micro hydro system (MHS) to supply required electric loads.
Abstract: This paper presents modeling and power quality analysis of an integrated renewable energy system (RES) aimed at supplying electrical power to communities residing at remote locations, far from the grid supply. A decentralized power generation in the form of integrated system is proposed comprising of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, a wind energy system (WES) and a micro hydro system (MHS) to supply required electric loads. The PV system is modeled with a dc-dc converter for regulating dc output voltage; a maximum power point tracking system (MPPT) is incorporated in order to achieve a reliable power output. The WES is modeled with a variable speed wind-turbine set with fixed pitch angle and the set drives a capacitor excited asynchronous generator (CAG). The CAG, in turn, is modeled with a closed loop turbine input system to account for the drooping characteristics of the asynchronous generator. The MHS consists of a constant power CAG. The three different sources are integrated and connected to a common ac bus and the performances of the system under varying loads are presented. A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is proposed in this work for reactive power compensation which, in turn, is expected to improve the power quality of the integrated system. The STATCOM is realized by means of a three-phase IGBT based current controlled voltage source inverter (CC-VSI) with a self-supporting dc bus. The complete system is modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink. The results obtained are presented and they are found to be satisfactory.
20 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...Research work to resolve the issues of power quality associated with WES, SPV, and FC is investigated using simulation studies [12] and hardware approach [13]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: An improved generalized integrator (GI)-based control with a frequency locked loop for multifunctional three-phase single-stage grid interfaced solar energy conversion system for power quality enhancement of the distribution network under abnormal grid conditions is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents an improved generalized integrator (GI)-based control with a frequency locked loop for multifunctional three-phase single-stage grid interfaced solar energy conversion system for power quality enhancement of the distribution network under abnormal grid conditions. The perturb and observe-based maximum power point tracking technique is utilized to obtain peak power from solar photovoltaic array under varying atmospheric conditions. This control scheme provides unity power factor operation, load balancing, harmonics mitigation, and reactive power compensation. The improved GI control algorithm has an advantage of better dc offset and harmonics rejection capabilities as compared to a conventional second-order GI algorithm. To substantiate the control scheme, tests are performed on a paradigm in the research laboratory for manifold operating conditions. Test results show the satisfactory behavior under steady state and dynamic operating scenario such as unbalanced load, solar irradiations variation, voltage sag, and swell and distorted voltage grid. The total harmonic distortions of the grid voltages–currents are achieved within constraints of grid code compliance of an IEEE 519 and 1564 standards.
19 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background in this paper
...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: In this article, a multitasking three-phase four (3P4W) wire solar photovoltaic (SPV) system using a modified lattice wave digital filter (M-LWDF)-based control technique is proposed.
Abstract: This study proposes a multitasking three-phase four (3P4W) wire solar photovoltaic (SPV) system using a modified lattice wave digital filter (M-LWDF)-based control technique. For effective utilisation of SPV array, an incremental conductance-based maximum power point tracking approach is used to obtain the peak power. However, M-LWDF-based control technique is used to control the grid tied 4-leg voltage source converter. The proposed control technique with reduced computational burden is an analytical tool for extracting the harmonics free fundamental component of load current and the mitigation of load neutral current. The M-LWDF-based control technique is implemented under various working modes at non-linear loads.
19 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The 3P4W hardware framework reported in the literature includes the design of an SPV system with four-leg DSTATCOM [81], [82]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: A new state-regularized and QR-decomposition-based recursive least squares adaptive filtering algorithm with a variable forgetting factor with the aim of improving tracking performance, steady-state mean-square error, and robustness to power-varying inputs over conventional RLS algorithms can be achieved.
Abstract: This brief proposes a new state-regularized (SR) and QR-decomposition-based (QRD) recursive least squares (RLS) adaptive filtering algorithm with a variable forgetting factor (VFF). It employs the estimated coefficients as prior information to minimize the exponentially weighted observation error, which leads to reduced variance over a conventional RLS algorithm and reduced bias over an L2-regularized RLS algorithm. To improve the tracking performance, a new measure of convergence status is introduced in controlling the forgetting factor. Consequently, the resultant SR-VFF-RLS algorithm stabilizes the update and adaptively selects the number of measurements by means of the VFF. Improved tracking performance, steady-state mean-square error, and robustness to power-varying inputs over conventional RLS algorithms can be achieved. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can be implemented using QRD, which leads to a lower roundoff error and more efficient hardware realization than the direct implementation. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by computer simulations.
19 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Variable forgetting factor recursive least-squares (VFFRLS) algorithm has been developed in [116], [117]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a variable leaky adaptive step-size-least-mean square (VLAS-LMS) control algorithm based on artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed for VSC.
Abstract: To maximise functional efficacy and reliability of distributed generations (DGs), this study leads to modelling, control, stability analysis, and hardware validation of a new adaptive current controller in the application of an on-grid voltage source converter (VSC) system. For effective mitigation of power system hindrances without affecting the power quality (PQ), self-tuning of weights associated with the proposed variable leaky adaptive step-size-least mean square (VLAS-LMS) control algorithm based on artificial neural network (ANN) is updated in natural frame and felicitous shaping of VSC outputs are witnessed. The selection of a constant step-size associated with proposed controller usually yields updating of same weights by all the sampling periods and hardly takes care of rate of convergence factor, which decides the stability of the controller. It can no longer avoid wavering of weights during grid disturbances, resulting in high-filtering gains. Again, a constant leaky factor may lead to over- or under-parameterisation of regularisation component. These disputes can be overcome in the proposed algorithm by the introduction of an adaptive step size along with a variable leaky factor. Furthermore, PQ is maintained as trade-off by the inclusion of detuned LC filter. Experimental outcome ensures the validation and effectiveness of the proposed controller.
18 citations
"Comprehensive Review of Distributed..." refers background or methods in this paper
...A three-leg DSTATCOM has been employed for PQ mitigation under varying solar intensity levels in [74] and sundry system perturbation in [75]....
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...More than 170 research publications [1-176] have been reviewed critically and presented in seven sections of this paper....
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