Compressibility and Strength Behaviour of Sand–tyre Chip Mixtures

doi:10.1007/S10706-004-4006-X

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Compressibility and Strength Behaviour of Sand–tyre Chip Mixtures

Journal Article•DOI•

Compressibility and Strength Behaviour of Sand–tyre Chip Mixtures

G. Venkatappa Rao¹, Rakesh Kumar Dutta²•Institutions (2)

Indian Institutes of Technology¹, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur²

01 Jun 2006-Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (Kluwer Academic Publishers)-Vol. 24, Iss: 3, pp 711-724

TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrated that sand-tyre chip mixtures up to 20% could be a potential material for highway construction and embankment construction up to around 10 m height.

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Abstract: Scrap tyres can be shredded into chips and can easily be mixed with granular soils. To assess the behaviour of the admixtures, compressibility and triaxial compression tests were carried out by varying chip size and chip content. The results demonstrated that sand–tyre chip mixtures up to 20% could be a potential material for highway construction and embankment construction up to around 10 m height.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Recycling waste rubber tyres in construction materials and associated environmental considerations: A review

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Abbas Mohajerani¹, Lucas Burnett¹, John V. Smith¹, Stefan Markovski¹, Glen Rodwell¹, Tareq Rahman¹, Halenur Kurmus¹, Mehdi Mirzababaei², Arul Arulrajah³, Suksun Horpibulsuk⁴, Farshid Maghool³ - Show less +7 more•Institutions (4)

RMIT University¹, Central Queensland University², Swinburne University of Technology³, Suranaree University of Technology⁴

01 Apr 2020-Resources Conservation and Recycling

TL;DR: The properties of waste tyre rubber and engineering applications have been previously reported in a range of publications with respect to the environmental, economic, and technical factors as discussed by the authors, with a focus on geotechnical engineering applications, such as earthworks and infrastructure construction.

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Abstract: Waste tyres and their accumulation is a global environmental concern; they are not biodegradable, and, globally, an estimated 1.5 billion are generated annually. Waste tyres in landfill and stockpiles are renowned for leaching toxic chemicals into the surrounding environment, acting as breeding grounds for mosquitoes, and fuelling inextinguishable fires. The properties of waste tyre rubber and engineering applications have been previously reported in a range of publications with respect to the environmental, economic, and technical factors. This study compiles and reviews this research with a focus on geotechnical engineering applications, such as earthworks and infrastructure construction. The applications of waste rubber in construction materials includes cementitious concrete, asphalt concrete, and granular materials for earth structures. Crumb rubber, when used as a sand replacement in flowable concrete fill, improved ductility and strength-to-weight ratio. A 40 MPa concrete mix with 0.6% rubber crumb content exhibited optimal strength and air entrainment capabilities, displaying minimal damage after 56 freeze/thaw cycles. Rubber, as a partial replacement for aggregate in road base and sub-base layers, adversely affected the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of the graded aggregate base course. Rubber-soil mixtures as the interface of foundation and structure yielded a 60–70 % reduction in vertical and horizontal ground accelerations when subjected to earthquake simulation modelling. There is concern regarding the toxicity of waste rubber incorporated products due to leachates of heavy metals and other chemicals common in tyres. Further comprehensive studies in this area are needed. Leachate studies should be conducted under different pH and liquid to solid ratios.

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247 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Strength, abrasion and permeation characteristics of cement concrete containing discarded rubber fine aggregates

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Blessen Skariah Thomas¹, Ramesh Gupta¹, Pawan Kalla¹, Laszlo Cseteneyi²•Institutions (2)

Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur¹, University of Dundee²

30 May 2014-Construction and Building Materials

TL;DR: In this paper, the suitability of waste tyre rubber in cement concrete as a partial replacement for natural river sand was investigated, and it was observed that discarded tyre rubber may be utilized for the partial replacement of natural fine aggregates up to 7.5% without enough reduction in its desired strength.

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197 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Shear and Compressibility Behavior of Sand-Tire Crumb Mixtures

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M. Neaz Sheikh¹, M S Mashiri¹, Jayan S. Vinod¹, Hing-Ho Tsang²•Institutions (2)

University of Wollongong¹, Chu Hai College of Higher Education²

01 Oct 2013-Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the shear and compressibility behavior of sand-tire crumb (S-TC) mixtures for their application in civil engineering projects.

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Abstract: Scrap tire disposal has been a critical environmental problem in many urban cities due to the huge increase in the number of vehicles. Significant research efforts have been devoted in recent years to explore the use of scrap tires in civil engineering application, as reuse or recycling of scrap tires is the preferred option from a waste management perspective. This paper investigates shear and compressibility behavior of sand–tire crumb (S-TC) mixtures for their application in civil engineering projects. Unlike other studies where tire chips or tire shreds were used, shear strength of the S-TC mixtures has been found to decrease with the increase in the amount of tire crumbs in the mixtures. Significant increase in axial strain corresponding to peak deviator stress has been observed. This can be related to the ductility capacity of the mixtures, as confirmed by brittleness tests. It has also been observed that a larger proportion of plastic strain develops after the first cycle of unloading, and ...

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151 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Shear strength and dilatancy behaviour of sand–tyre chip mixtures

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M S Mashiri¹, Jayan S. Vinod¹, M. Neaz Sheikh¹, Hing-Ho Tsang²•Institutions (2)

University of Wollongong¹, Swinburne University of Technology²

01 Jun 2015-Soils and Foundations

TL;DR: In this paper, a series of monotonic triaxial tests have been carried out on sand mixed with various proportions of tyre chips and it has been found that tyre chips significantly influence the shear strength and the dilatancy behaviour of STCh mixtures.

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150 citations

Cites background from "Compressibility and Strength Behavi..."

...It is noted that Humphrey et al. (1993), 458 Masad et al. (1996), Rao and Dutta (2006), Tatlisoz et al. (1998), Youwai et al. (2003) and 459 Zornberg et al. (2004) also reported cohesion intercepts for STCh mixtures....
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...142 The addition of scrap tyres (tyre shreds or tyre chips) in sand was found to improve the shear 143 strength of sand (Ahmed 1993; Edil and Bosscher 1994; Foose et al. 1996; Ghazavi and 144 Sakhi 2005; Rao and Dutta 2006 and Zornberg et al. 2004)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Effect of waste rubber fibres on the geotechnical properties of clay stabilized with cement

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J.S. Yadav¹, S.K. Tiwari¹•Institutions (1)

Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur¹

01 Dec 2017-Applied Clay Science

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of inclusion of waste rubber tire fibres on some of the geotechnical properties of uncemented/cemented clay was investigated and the results revealed that the incorporation of rubber fibre reduces the unconfined compressive strength and split tensile strength of cement-stabilized clay but prosperously improves the rate of loss of post-peak strength and change the brittle failure behavior of cemented clay to ductile.

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133 citations

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References

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Book•

Measurement of Soil Properties in the Triaxial Test

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Alan W. Bishop, D. J. Henkel

01 Jan 1976

621 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Engineering properties of tire chips and soil mixtures

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T B Edil, P J Bosscher

01 Dec 1994-Geotechnical Testing Journal

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the characteristics of shredded scrap tires and their engineering properties and behavior alone or when mixed with soils, including compaction, compressibility, strength and deformability, and hydraulic conductivity.

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Abstract: The primary objective of the research described herein is to assess the pertinent engineering properties for reusing shredded scrap tires as a construction material for light-weight fill material in highway construction, for drainage material in highway and landfill construction, and for other similar applications. Reuse of scrap tires would not only provide a means of disposing of them but would also help solve difficult economical and technical problems. This paper presents the characteristics of shredded scrap tires and their engineering properties and behavior alone or when mixed with soils. The properties considered include compaction, compressibility, strength and deformability, and hydraulic conductivity. Described are new test procedures or modification of existing methods developed to characterize this unusual material.

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371 citations

"Compressibility and Strength Behavi..." refers background in this paper

... Edil and Bosscher (1994) concluded that addition of 25% chips (size 20–80 mm) to sand results in shear strength (obtained by direct shear test) slightly greater than that of dense sand at low normal stresses....
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...The observed angle of repose has been found to range from 37� to 43� in a loose condition to values as high as 85� ( Edil and Bosscher, 1994 ) when compacted....
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... Edil and Bosscher (1994) and Humphrey and Manion (1992) have shown that tyre shreds/chips are highly compressible at low normal pressure, but there is little...
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...The specific gravity of the tyre shreds/chips varies from 1.02 to 1.26 (Ahmed, 1993; Edil and Bosscher, 1994; Foose et al., 1996) depending upon the quantity of steel belting present....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Shredded Tires and Rubber-Sand as Lightweight Backfill

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Junhwan Lee, Rodrigo Salgado¹, A. Bernal, C. W. Lovell¹•Institutions (1)

Purdue University¹

01 Feb 1999-Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

TL;DR: In this article, a triaxial testing program was conducted to investigate the stress-strain relationship and strength of tire chips and a mixture of sand and tire chips, and the test results and additional information from the literature were used in the numerical modeling of wall backfills, both unreinforced and reinforced with geosynthetics.

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Abstract: The growing interest in utilizing waste materials in civil engineering applications has opened the possibility of constructing reinforced soil structures with unconventional backfills. Scrap tires are a high-profile waste material for which several uses have been studied, including the use of shredded tires as backfill. A triaxial testing program was conducted to investigate the stress-strain relationship and strength of tire chips and a mixture of sand and tire chips. The test results and additional information from the literature were used in the numerical modeling of wall backfills, both unreinforced and reinforced with geosynthetics. The numerical modeling results suggest tire shreds, particularly when mixed with sand, may be effectively used as backfill.

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333 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Sand Reinforced with Shredded Waste Tires

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Gary J. Foose, Craig H. Benson, Peter J. Bosscher

01 Sep 1996-Journal of Geotechnical Engineering

TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of using shredded waste tires to reinforce sand was investigated, and three significant factors affecting shear strength were identified: normal stress, shred content, and sand matrix unit weight.

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Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using shredded waste tires to reinforce sand. Direct shear tests were conducted on mixtures of dry sand and shredded waste tires. The following factors were studied to evaluate their influence on shear strength: normal stress, sand matrix unit weight, shred content, shred length, and shred orientation. From results of the tests, three significant factors affecting shear strength were identified: normal stress, shred content, and sand matrix unit weight. A model for estimating the strength of reinforced soils was also evaluated to determine its applicability to mixtures of sand and tire shreds. When the model is calibrated using results from one shred content, it may be useful for estimating the friction angle for other shred contents. In all cases, adding shredded tires increased the shear strength of sand, with an apparent friction angle (ϕ′) as large as 67° being obtained. Shred content and sand matrix unit weight were the most significan...

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324 citations

"Compressibility and Strength Behavi..." refers background or methods in this paper

...For tyre chips 50–150 mm in size, Foose et al. (1996) reported a friction angle of 30� , in a 305 mm direct shear test, using the shear resistance at 25 mm horizontal displacement as failure....
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...For sand with tyre shreds of random sizes (say 6–50 mm, 50–100 mm and 100– 150 mm), Foose et al. (1996) have reported an increase of 15� in /¢ with dense sand and an increase of 9� for lower density....
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...The specific gravity of the tyre shreds/chips varies from 1.02 to 1.26 (Ahmed, 1993; Edil and Bosscher, 1994; Foose et al., 1996 ) depending upon the quantity of steel belting present....
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... Foose et al. (1996) conducted an extensive investigation on sand reinforced with shredded waste tyres of different sizes....
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...Work by Humphrey and Sandford (1993), Foose et al. (1996) and Bernal et al. (1996) shows that pure chips have a friction angle of 20� –35� and a cohesion intercept of 3–11.5 kPa in large size direct shear tests....
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