Computer generated holograms from three dimensional meshes using an analytic light transport model
TL;DR: A method to analytically compute the light distribution of triangles directly in frequency space, which allows for fast evaluation, shading, and propagation of light from 3D mesh objects using angular spectrum methods.
Abstract: We present a method to analytically compute the light distribution of triangles directly in frequency space. This allows for fast evaluation, shading, and propagation of light from 3D mesh objects using angular spectrum methods. The algorithm complexity is only dependent on the hologram resolution and the polygon count of the 3D model. In contrast to other polygon based computer generated holography methods we do not need to perform a Fourier transform per surface. The theory behind the approach is derived, and a suitable algorithm to compute a digital hologram from a general triangle mesh is presented. We review some first results rendered on a spatial-light-modulator-based display by our proof-of-concept software.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: A novel method is proposed for simulating free-space propagation by limiting the bandwidth of the propagation field and also expands the region in which exact fields can be calculated by the AS.
Abstract: A novel method is proposed for simulating free-space propagation. This method is an improvement of the angular spectrum method (AS). The AS does not include any approximation of the propagation distance, because the formula thereof is derived directly from the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld equation. However, the AS is not an all-round method, because it produces severe numerical errors due to a sampling problem of the transfer function even in Fresnel regions. The proposed method resolves this problem by limiting the bandwidth of the propagation field and also expands the region in which exact fields can be calculated by the AS. A discussion on the validity of limiting the bandwidth is also presented.
365 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the full-parallax CGH, calculated by the proposed method and fabricated by a laser lithography system, reconstructs a fine 3D image accompanied by a strong sensation of depth.
Abstract: A large-scale full-parallax computer-generated hologram (CGH) with four billion (2(16) x 2(16)) pixels is created to reconstruct a fine true 3D image of a scene, with occlusions. The polygon-based method numerically generates the object field of a surface object, whose shape is provided by a set of vertex data of polygonal facets, while the silhouette method makes it possible to reconstruct the occluded scene. A novel technique using the segmented frame buffer is presented for handling and propagating large wave fields even in the case where the whole wave field cannot be stored in memory. We demonstrate that the full-parallax CGH, calculated by the proposed method and fabricated by a laser lithography system, reconstructs a fine 3D image accompanied by a strong sensation of depth.
254 citations
Cites methods from "Computer generated holograms from t..."
...Several researchers have already proposed improvements on our method in order to compute faster but sacrifice texture mapping and uniform diffusiveness [9,10]....
[...]
TL;DR: An angular-spectrum based algorithm for layer-oriented CGH that can avoid the huge computational cost of the point-oriented method and yield accurate predictions of the whole diffracted field compared with other layer- oriented methods is proposed.
Abstract: Fast calculation and correct depth cue are crucial issues in the calculation of computer-generated hologram (CGH) for high quality three-dimensional (3-D) display. An angular-spectrum based algorithm for layer-oriented CGH is proposed. Angular spectra from each layer are synthesized as a layer-corresponded sub-hologram based on the fast Fourier transform without paraxial approximation. The proposed method can avoid the huge computational cost of the point-oriented method and yield accurate predictions of the whole diffracted field compared with other layer-oriented methods. CGHs of versatile formats of 3-D digital scenes, including computed tomography and 3-D digital models, are demonstrated with precise depth performance and advanced image quality.
212 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the advances of holography, CGH algorithms, and the principles of various metasurfaces are presented, realized by encoding the hologram in the metasuran, is investigated.
Abstract: Holography has numerous applications because of its capability of arbitrary wavefront modulation. Computer-generated holograms (CGHs) take it a big step forward. Conventional holography engineers the wavefront via phase accumulation, suffering from large size, low resolution, and small viewing angle. Metasurfaces, ultrathin two-dimensional metamaterials with subwavelength features, can manipulate the amplitude, phase, and polarization of the light, solving the above issues. In this review, advances of holography, CGH algorithms, and the principles of various metasurfaces are presented. Metasurface holography, realized by encoding the hologram in the metasurface, is investigated. Information multiplexing methods of metasurface holograms, including wavelength-multiplexed, polarization-multiplexed, complex amplitude modulated, nonlinear, and dynamic metasurfaces, are presented. The challenges and outlook of metasurface holograms are discussed.
145 citations
TL;DR: The recent progress in the CGH techniques is reviewed, covering the point-cloud-, light-ray-field-, layer-, and polygon-based techniques.
Abstract: Computer-generated holography (CGH) is a crucial technique in preparing contents for holographic three-dimensional displays. In this paper, the recent progress in the CGH techniques is reviewed, covering the point-cloud-, light-ray-field-, layer-, and polygon-based techniques.
130 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: Several methods of increasing the speed and simplicity of the computation of off-axis transmission holograms are presented, with applications to the real-time display ofholographic images.
Abstract: Several methods of increasing the speed and simplicity
of the computation of off-axis transmission holograms are presented, with applications to the real-time display ofholographic images. The bipolar intensity approach allows for the real-valued linear summation
of interference fringes, a factor of 2 speed increase, and the elimination of image noise caused by object self-interference. An order of magnitude speed increase is obtained through the use of a precomputed look-up table containing a large array of elemental interference patterns corresponding to point source contributions from each of the possible locations in image space. Results achieved using a data-parallelsupercomputer to compute horizontal-parallaxonly holographic patterns containing six megasamples indicate that an image comprised of 10,000 points with arbitrary brightness (gray
scale) can be computed in under 1 s. Implemented on a common workstation, the look-up table approach increases computation speed by a factor of 43.
508 citations
TL;DR: A novel method, based on the angular spectrum of plane waves and coordinate rotation in the Fourier domain, removes geometric limitations posed by conventional propagation calculation and enables us to calculate complex amplitudes of diffracted waves on a plane not parallel to the aperture.
Abstract: A novel method for simulating field propagation is presented. The method, based on the angular spectrum of plane waves and coordinate rotation in the Fourier domain, removes geometric limitations posed by conventional propagation calculation and enables us to calculate complex amplitudes of diffracted waves on a plane not parallel to the aperture. This method can be implemented by using the fast Fourier transformation twice and a spectrum interpolation. It features computation time that is comparable with that of standard calculation methods for diffraction or propagation between parallel planes. To demonstrate the method, numerical results as well as a general formulation are reported for a single-axis rotation.
344 citations
TL;DR: Digitally synthetic holograms of surface model objects are investigated for reconstructing three-dimensional objects with shade and texture, and another technique based on a theoretical model of the brightness of the reconstructed surfaces enables us to shade the surface of a reconstructed object as designed.
Abstract: Digitally synthetic holograms of surface model objects are investigated for reconstructing three-dimensional objects with shade and texture. The objects in the proposed techniques are composed of planar surfaces, and a property function defined for each surface provides shape and texture. The field emitted from each surface is independently calculated by a method based on rotational transformation of the property function by use of a fast Fourier transform (FFT) and totaled on the hologram. This technique has led to a reduction in computational cost: FFT operation is required only once for calculating a surface. In addition, another technique based on a theoretical model of the brightness of the reconstructed surfaces enables us to shade the surface of a reconstructed object as designed. Optical reconstructions of holograms synthesized by the proposed techniques are demonstrated.
210 citations
"Computer generated holograms from t..." refers methods in this paper
...Matsushima has estimated interpolation to take up to 44% of the CPU time when using the previous method outlined above [10]....
[...]
...Matsushima and Kondoh [8,9] and Matsushima [9], have also presented attractive methods that employ the fast fourier transform (FFT) to construct holograms from solid shapes....
[...]
...Matsushima has published an interesting paper proposing a hidden surface removal algorithm based on silhouettes and tilted planes [19]....
[...]
...Unlike the method of Matushima [9] texturing of a surface is unfortunately not straightforward....
[...]
...In [9] a similar rotation method is used, however in addition the wave field is also translated using the Fourier shift theorem....
[...]
[...]
TL;DR: This paper derives a new class of reflection models for metallic surfaces that handle the effects of diffraction by rederiving results from surface wave physics which were taken for granted by other researchers.
Abstract: The reflection of light from surfaces is a fundamental problem in computer graphics. Although many reflection models have been proposed, few take into account the wave nature of light. In this paper, we derive a new class of reflection models for metallic surfaces that handle the effects of diffraction. Diffraction is a purely wave-like phenomenon and cannot be properly modeled using the ray theory of light alone. A common example of a surface which exhibits diffraction is the compact disk. A characteristic of such surfaces is that they reflect light in a very colorful manner. Our model is also a generalization of most reflection models encountered in computer graphics. In particular, we extend the He-Torrance model to handle anisotropic reflections. This is achieved by rederiving, in a more general setting, results from surface wave physics which were taken for granted by other researchers. Specifically, our use of Fourier analysis has enabled us to tackle the difficult task of analytically computing the Kirchhoff integral of surface scattering. CR Categories: I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism—Color, shading, shadowing, and texture J.2 [Physical Sciences and Engineering]: Physics
176 citations
"Computer generated holograms from t..." refers background in this paper
...It may be possible to work with locally varying materials: Stam [18] has published work on how to compute...
[...]
...It may be possible to work with locally varying materials: Stam [18] has published work on how to compute the Fourier transform of statistical material shader functions....
[...]