Concentration polarization in ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis: a critical review
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the literature on concentration polarization in ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis is presented, with specific models such as surface renewal, and experimental methods such as laser-based refractometry, for quantification of the problem.
About: This article is published in Desalination.The article was published on 2001-12-30. It has received 474 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Concentration polarization & Forward osmosis.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the state-of-the-art of the physical principles and applications of forward osmosis as well as their strengths and limitations are presented, along with a review of the current state of the art.
2,235 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the technical applicability of various physico-chemical treatments for the removal of heavy metals such as Cd(II), Cr(III, Cr(VI), Cu(II, Ni(II) and Zn(II).
1,732 citations
TL;DR: Nanofiltration (NF) membranes have come a long way since it was first introduced during the late 80's as mentioned in this paper, and significant development has taken place in terms of the fundamental understanding of the transport mechanism in NF membranes, which has been translated into predictive modeling based on the modified extended Nernst-Planck equation.
1,374 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of both concentrative and dilutive internal concentration polarization on permeate water flux through a commercially available forward osmosis membrane was investigated and a flux model that accounts for the presence of both internal and external concentration polarization for the two possible membrane orientations involving the feed and draw solutions was presented.
1,184 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the recent developments in forward osmosis (FO) focusing on the opportunities and challenges is presented, as well as a clear outline for FO-concerned researchers.
1,175 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, a critical review on the mass transfer correlations under turbulent duct flow, as they appeared in the literature ( 1934-1984), and a discussion on the factors influencing mass transfer during membrane operations (reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration), like porosity and roughness of the membrane wall and change of viscosity and diffusion coefficient due to the strong concentration gradient.
358 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the transition from concentration polarization to cake formation was studied for the membrane filtration of colloidal silica by imposing flux and observing the system response, and it was observed that once J crit is exceeded, the colloids in the polarized layer formed a consolidated cake structure that is slow to depolarize and which reduced the flux.
272 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a retentive UF membrane has been studied for three types of solutes, a colloid (silica sol), a protein (albumin) and a branched chain polymer (Dextran), with and without stirring.
186 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the mass transfer coefficient (k) in reverse osmosis was estimated using the combined Spiegler-Kedem/film theory model and the solution-diffusion model.
163 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a step-wise pseudo steady-state model was developed to predict the flux decline due to concentration polarization during cross-flow ultrafiltration, which is in good agreement with experimental results of flux decline during crossflow ultra-filtration of colloidal suspensions.
160 citations