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Journal ArticleDOI

Consensus-Based Energy Management in Smart Grid With Transmission Losses and Directed Communication

01 Sep 2017-IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid (IEEE)-Vol. 8, Iss: 5, pp 2049-2061
TL;DR: A consensus-based algorithm is designed to solve the problem of distributed energy management for both generation and demand side in smart grid by taking transmission losses into account and it is proved the convergence and optimality of the proposed algorithm is achieved.
Abstract: This paper investigates the problem of distributed energy management for both generation and demand side in smart grid. Different from existing works, we formulate a social welfare maximization problem for a more practical scenario by taking transmission losses into account. The formulated problem is non-convex due to the non-convexity of the power balance equality constraint caused by the transmission losses. To solve the problem, we first transform the equality constraint into an inequality constraint and obtain a new convex optimization problem. We then derive a sufficient condition to guarantee that the new problem has the same solution as the original one. Because of the coupling in the constraint, Lagrange duality method is adopted to decompose the problem. Considering the general communication topology among generators and demands, i.e., directed connected topology, we design a consensus-based algorithm to solve the problem in a distributed way. We also prove the convergence and optimality of the proposed algorithm, under which the social welfare maximization is achieved. Extensive simulations validate the theoretical results and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This survey paper aims to offer a detailed overview of existing distributed optimization algorithms and their applications in power systems, and focuses on the application of distributed optimization in the optimal coordination of distributed energy resources.

468 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...…various communities, such as control, signal processing, and machine learning (see, e.g., Chatzipanagiotis & Zavlanos, 2017; Hong, Hajinezhad, & Zhao, 2017; Lorenzo & Scutari, 2016; Matei & Baras, 2017; Tatarenko & Touri, 2017; Tian, Sun, Du, & Scutari, 2018; Wai, Lafond, Scaglione, &…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This survey comprehensively overviews three major aspects: constructing FDI attacks; impacts of FDI attacked systems' impacts on electricity market; and defending against F DI attacks.
Abstract: The accurately estimated state is of great importance for maintaining a stable running condition of power systems. To maintain the accuracy of the estimated state, bad data detection (BDD) is utilized by power systems to get rid of erroneous measurements due to meter failures or outside attacks. However, false data injection (FDI) attacks, as recently revealed, can circumvent BDD and insert any bias into the value of the estimated state. Continuous works on constructing and/or protecting power systems from such attacks have been done in recent years. This survey comprehensively overviews three major aspects: constructing FDI attacks; impacts of FDI attacks on electricity market; and defending against FDI attacks. Specifically, we first explore the problem of constructing FDI attacks, and further show their associated impacts on electricity market operations, from the adversary's point of view. Then, from the perspective of the system operator, we present countermeasures against FDI attacks. We also outline the future research directions and potential challenges based on the above overview, in the context of FDI attacks, impacts, and defense.

411 citations


Cites background from "Consensus-Based Energy Management i..."

  • ...With the incorporation of cyber space such as information and communications technology, the power system is making strides toward smart grid [4]–[8]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Lang long1
16 Aug 2004
TL;DR: It is shown that there exists a threshold on sensor outage probability above which a distributed random access protocol (such as ALOHA) outperforms the centralized deterministic schedulers.
Abstract: Summary form only given. The layered architecture is one of the key reasons behind the explosive and continuing growth of the Internet. There are, however, special networks in which cross-layer design is appropriate and may even be necessary. Two such cases are small wireless LAN and large-scale sensor networks. We consider first the design of medium access control (MAC) for a small wireless LAN based on a multiuser physical layer. We present a complete characterization of the throughput region and present conditions under which ALOHA is optimal. Next we consider the estimation of signal field using data collected from a large scale sensor network. The impact of medium access control on estimation is examined. We show that there exists a threshold on sensor outage probability above which a distributed random access protocol (such as ALOHA) outperforms the centralized deterministic schedulers.

335 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel algorithm using primal-dual gradient method is described to clear the market in a fully decentralized manner without interaction of any central entity and it is found that market players can trade energy to maximize their welfare without violating line flow constraints.
Abstract: Increase in the deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) has triggered a new trend to redesign electricity markets as consumer-centric markets relying on peer-to-peer (P2P) approaches. In the P2P markets, players can directly negotiate under bilateral energy trading to match demand and supply. The trading scheme should be designed adequately to incentivise players to participate in the trading process actively. This article proposes a decentralized P2P energy trading scheme for electricity markets with high penetration of DERs. A novel algorithm using primal-dual gradient method is described to clear the market in a fully decentralized manner without interaction of any central entity. Also, to incorporate technical constraints in the energy trading, line flow constraints are modeled in the bilateral energy trading to avoid overloaded or congested lines in the system. This market structure respects market players’ preferences by allowing bilateral energy trading with product differentiation. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using simulation studies, and it is found that market players can trade energy to maximize their welfare without violating line flow constraints. Also, compared with other similar methods for P2P trading, the proposed approach needs lower data exchange and has a faster convergence.

233 citations


Cites background from "Consensus-Based Energy Management i..."

  • ...[24] proposed consensus-based energy management in smart grid considering transmission losses....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A distributed secondary control scheme with a sampled-data-based event-triggered communication mechanism is proposed to achieve active power sharing and frequency regulation in a unified framework, where neighborhood sampled- data exchange occurs only when the predefined triggering condition is violated.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with active power sharing and frequency regulation in an islanded microgrid under event-triggered communication. A distributed secondary control scheme with a sampled-data-based event-triggered communication mechanism is proposed to achieve active power sharing and frequency regulation in a unified framework, where neighborhood sampled-data exchange occurs only when the predefined triggering condition is violated. Compared with traditional periodic communication mechanisms, the proposed event-triggered communication mechanism shows some prominent ability in reducing the number of communication among neighbors while guaranteeing the desired performance level of microgirds. By employing the Lyapunov–Kravovskii functional method, some sufficient conditions are derived to characterize the effects of control gains, system parameters, and sampling period on stability of microgrids. Finally, case studies on a modified IEEE 34-bus test system are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed distributed control scheme, showcasing its effectiveness, robustness against load changes, and plug-and-play ability.

224 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Considering transmission losses and a directed communication topology, a distributed consensus algorithm is proposed in [18] to efficiently carry out energy management for all generator and load units by maximizing total social welfares....

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References
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Book
01 Mar 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the focus is on recognizing convex optimization problems and then finding the most appropriate technique for solving them, and a comprehensive introduction to the subject is given. But the focus of this book is not on the optimization problem itself, but on the problem of finding the appropriate technique to solve it.
Abstract: Convex optimization problems arise frequently in many different fields. A comprehensive introduction to the subject, this book shows in detail how such problems can be solved numerically with great efficiency. The focus is on recognizing convex optimization problems and then finding the most appropriate technique for solving them. The text contains many worked examples and homework exercises and will appeal to students, researchers and practitioners in fields such as engineering, computer science, mathematics, statistics, finance, and economics.

33,341 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Mar 2007
TL;DR: A theoretical framework for analysis of consensus algorithms for multi-agent networked systems with an emphasis on the role of directed information flow, robustness to changes in network topology due to link/node failures, time-delays, and performance guarantees is provided.
Abstract: This paper provides a theoretical framework for analysis of consensus algorithms for multi-agent networked systems with an emphasis on the role of directed information flow, robustness to changes in network topology due to link/node failures, time-delays, and performance guarantees. An overview of basic concepts of information consensus in networks and methods of convergence and performance analysis for the algorithms are provided. Our analysis framework is based on tools from matrix theory, algebraic graph theory, and control theory. We discuss the connections between consensus problems in networked dynamic systems and diverse applications including synchronization of coupled oscillators, flocking, formation control, fast consensus in small-world networks, Markov processes and gossip-based algorithms, load balancing in networks, rendezvous in space, distributed sensor fusion in sensor networks, and belief propagation. We establish direct connections between spectral and structural properties of complex networks and the speed of information diffusion of consensus algorithms. A brief introduction is provided on networked systems with nonlocal information flow that are considerably faster than distributed systems with lattice-type nearest neighbor interactions. Simulation results are presented that demonstrate the role of small-world effects on the speed of consensus algorithms and cooperative control of multivehicle formations

9,715 citations


"Consensus-Based Energy Management i..." refers background in this paper

  • ...For the initial state X (0), the following two lemmas are given by referring to [36], which are very important for the algorithm design....

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Book
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a graduate-level text in electric power engineering as regards to planning, operating, and controlling large scale power generation and transmission systems, including characteristics of power generation units, transmission losses, generation with limited energy supply, control of generation, and power system security.
Abstract: Topics considered include characteristics of power generation units, transmission losses, generation with limited energy supply, control of generation, and power system security. This book is a graduate-level text in electric power engineering as regards to planning, operating, and controlling large scale power generation and transmission systems. Material used was generated in the post-1966 period. Many (if not most) of the chapter problems require a digital computer. A background in steady-state power circuit analysis is required.

6,344 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that information consensus under dynamically changing interaction topologies can be achieved asymptotically if the union of the directed interaction graphs have a spanning tree frequently enough as the system evolves.
Abstract: This note considers the problem of information consensus among multiple agents in the presence of limited and unreliable information exchange with dynamically changing interaction topologies. Both discrete and continuous update schemes are proposed for information consensus. This note shows that information consensus under dynamically changing interaction topologies can be achieved asymptotically if the union of the directed interaction graphs have a spanning tree frequently enough as the system evolves.

6,135 citations


"Consensus-Based Energy Management i..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The update rules are based on consensus [9], which guarantee the final value converges to the global optimal solution of problem (4)....

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  • ...The communication cost of protocols with directed information flow is smaller than that with undirected communication topology [9]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents an autonomous and distributed demand-side energy management system among users that takes advantage of a two-way digital communication infrastructure which is envisioned in the future smart grid.
Abstract: Most of the existing demand-side management programs focus primarily on the interactions between a utility company and its customers/users. In this paper, we present an autonomous and distributed demand-side energy management system among users that takes advantage of a two-way digital communication infrastructure which is envisioned in the future smart grid. We use game theory and formulate an energy consumption scheduling game, where the players are the users and their strategies are the daily schedules of their household appliances and loads. It is assumed that the utility company can adopt adequate pricing tariffs that differentiate the energy usage in time and level. We show that for a common scenario, with a single utility company serving multiple customers, the global optimal performance in terms of minimizing the energy costs is achieved at the Nash equilibrium of the formulated energy consumption scheduling game. The proposed distributed demand-side energy management strategy requires each user to simply apply its best response strategy to the current total load and tariffs in the power distribution system. The users can maintain privacy and do not need to reveal the details on their energy consumption schedules to other users. We also show that users will have the incentives to participate in the energy consumption scheduling game and subscribing to such services. Simulation results confirm that the proposed approach can reduce the peak-to-average ratio of the total energy demand, the total energy costs, as well as each user's individual daily electricity charges.

2,715 citations


"Consensus-Based Energy Management i..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In [16]–[18], game theory based DSM protocols are provided....

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  • ...In [16], it is assumed that each player has to communicate with all others....

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