Consequences of climate change for biotic disturbances in North American forests
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...During drought, warmer temperatures can increase stress and mortality risk for trees (McDowell et al. 2008), directly through physiological impacts (e.g., Adams et al. 2009) or indirectly through effects on pests and pathogens (e.g., Weed et al. 2013)....
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...…can amplify additional tree-killing disturbance processes and their interactions, including increased insect pest outbreaks (Raffa et al. 2008, Weed et al. 2013) and more frequent and severe fires (Pechony and Shindell 2010, Flannigan et al. 2013, Williams et al. 2013, 2014, Brando et al.…...
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...…DISTURBANCE Potential biogeophysical effects from stand-scale tree mortality include (1) increased surface albedo that governs absorption of solar radiation, (2) decreased transpiration that influences water cycling, and (3) decreased surface roughness that affects atmospheric drag (Bonan 2008)....
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...3 E-mail: aaron.s.weed@dartmouth.edu 441 R E V IE W S ecology of insects (or terrestrial poikilotherms in general; Bale 2002, Deutsch et al. 2008, Bale and Hayward 2010, Bentz et al. 2010, Bradshaw and Holzapfel 2010, Kingsolver et al. 2011, Huey et al. 2012, Klapwijk et al. 2012), as well as…...
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