Considerations in Developing a Functional Approach to the Governance of Large Marine Ecosystems
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore some of the problems, concepts, and principles involved in efforts to provide needed governance arrangements if large marine ecosystem-based management is to be implemented and made effective.
Abstract: Interest in the management of the environment and its resources on an ecosystem basis has been increasing, in both terrestrial and marine contexts. In recent years, the concept of the large marine ecosystem has become a point of focus at the national and international levels as a possible unit for management of ocean and coastal areas. An ecosystem approach, however, challenges the manner in which marine resources and the environment that sustains them have been managed in the past. Governance is a key element in ecosystem management and encompasses the formal and informal arrangements, institutions, and mores that determine how resources and the environment are utilized. This study explores some of the problems, concepts, and principles involved in efforts to provide needed governance arrangements if large marine ecosystem-based management is to be implemented and made effective.
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01 Jan 1995
459 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review examines the governance of coral reef MPAs and the means to improve coral reef MPA manage- ment, highlighting common governance challenges, such as confused goals, conXict, and unrealistic attempts to scale up beyond institutional capacity.
Abstract: Coral reef marine protected areas (MPA) are widely distributed around the globe for social and ecologi- cal reasons. Relatively few of these MPAs are well man- aged. This review examines the governance of coral reef MPAs and the means to improve coral reef MPA manage- ment. It highlights common governance challenges, such as confused goals, conXict, and unrealistic attempts to scale up beyond institutional capacity. Recommendations, based on Weld experience and empirical evidence from around the world, are made for best practices at various stages of MPA implementation.
243 citations
Cites methods from "Considerations in Developing a Func..."
...(Juda 1999:90) Various models, including top–down, bottom–up, co-management, and traditional management regimes, are utilized to implement MPAs (Christie and White 1997)....
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TL;DR: The management paradigm for marine resources is shifting and EAM will eventually be considered redundant with established practice as science better articulates feedbacks, cumulative ecological effects and economic consequences framing policy choices, and more formal "rules of engagement" among sectors (e.g., fishing, coastal development, water quality, and energy) are negotiated as mentioned in this paper.
219 citations
Cites background from "Considerations in Developing a Func..."
...Importantly, human values and value systems vary regionally, and even within countries and regions there can be vastly different perspectives from economic and ethical perspectives [27, 28 ]....
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TL;DR: An ecosystems approach is emerging for the assessment and management of coastal waters around the globe utilizing modular strategies for linking science-based assessments of the changing states of large marine ecosystems to socioeconomic benefits expected from achieving long-term sustainability of their resources.
Abstract: Since the Rio Summit in 1992 the public has become increasingly aware that coastal ecosystems are under significant threat from pollution, overexploitation, and habitat loss. However, little progress has been made in sustained global actions to reverse their degraded state. It has been no small feat for the world community to come to agreement on international instruments identifying environmental and resource problems, but it is another matter altogether to muster the scientific community and the political will to enact necessary policy reforms and devote necessary funding to restore and protect valuable marine ecosystems. An ecosystems approach is emerging for the assessment and management of coastal waters around the globe utilizing modular strategies for linking science-based assessments of the changing states of large marine ecosystems to socioeconomic benefits expected from achieving long-term sustainability of their resources. To assist developing countries in implementing the ecosystems approach to marine resources development and sustainability in international waters, the Global Environment Facility and its $2 billion trust fund has been opened to universal participation that builds on partnerships with the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environmental Programme, and the World Bank.
161 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the rights and duties towards exploitation and protection of the marine environment under the jurisdiction of coastal states as reflected in two important global conventions, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
152 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1962
TL;DR: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions as discussed by the authors is a seminal work in the history of science and philosophy of science, and it has been widely cited as a major source of inspiration for the present generation of scientists.
Abstract: A good book may have the power to change the way we see the world, but a great book actually becomes part of our daily consciousness, pervading our thinking to the point that we take it for granted, and we forget how provocative and challenging its ideas once were-and still are. "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" is that kind of book. When it was first published in 1962, it was a landmark event in the history and philosophy of science. And fifty years later, it still has many lessons to teach. With "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", Kuhn challenged long-standing linear notions of scientific progress, arguing that transformative ideas don't arise from the day-to-day, gradual process of experimentation and data accumulation, but that revolutions in science, those breakthrough moments that disrupt accepted thinking and offer unanticipated ideas, occur outside of "normal science," as he called it. Though Kuhn was writing when physics ruled the sciences, his ideas on how scientific revolutions bring order to the anomalies that amass over time in research experiments are still instructive in our biotech age. This new edition of Kuhn's essential work in the history of science includes an insightful introductory essay by Ian Hacking that clarifies terms popularized by Kuhn, including paradigm and incommensurability, and applies Kuhn's ideas to the science of today. Usefully keyed to the separate sections of the book, Hacking's essay provides important background information as well as a contemporary context. Newly designed, with an expanded index, this edition will be eagerly welcomed by the next generation of readers seeking to understand the history of our perspectives on science.
36,808 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations, for the entire biosphere, the value (most of which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (10^(12)) per year, with an average of US $33 trillion per year.
Abstract: The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (10^(12)) per year, with an average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, this must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.
18,139 citations
"Considerations in Developing a Func..." refers background in this paper
...Contributing to the development of such actions is the attempt to recognize the economic value of the environment and associated processes.(110) Increasingly, the recognition of the negative impact of pollutants on these processes has encouraged the thought that environmental costs need to be internalized in economic decisions....
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TL;DR: In this article, a variety of analytic approaches have been used to address the problems of international cooperation, but the approaches have yielded only fragmentary insights, focusing on the technical aspects of a specific problem, how do they define state interests and develop viable solutions? What factors shape their behavior? Under conditions of uncertainty, what are the origins of international institutions? And how can we best study the processes through which international policy coordination and order emerge?
Abstract: The growing technical uncertainties and complexities of problems of global concern have made international policy coordination not only increasingly necessary but also increasingly difficult. If decision makers are unfamiliar with the technical aspects of a specific problem, how do they define state interests and develop viable solutions? What factors shape their behavior? Under conditions of uncertainty, what are the origins of international institutions? And how can we best study the processes through which international policy coordination and order emerge? While a variety of analytic approaches have been used to address the problems of international cooperation, the approaches have yielded only fragmentary insights. At its core, the study of policy coordination among states involves arguments about determinism versus free will and about the ways in which the international system is maintained and transformed. Among the overlapping topics of debate are whether national behavior is determined or broadly conditioned by system-level factors, unit-level factors, or some complex interplay between the two; whether state policymakers can identify national interests and behave independently of pressures from the social groups they nominally represent; and whether states respond consistently to opportunities to create, defend, or expand their own wealth and power, to enhance collective material benefits, or to promote nonmaterial values.' A related question of
5,854 citations
Book•
21 Aug 2008
TL;DR: The Risenau Index of Governance, order and change in world politics as mentioned in this paper is a state-building approach based on a post-hegemonic conceptualization of world order.
Abstract: Preface Contributors 1. Governance, order and change in world politics James N. Rosenau 2. Governance with government: polyarchy in nineteenth-century European international politics K. J. Holsti 3. The decaying pillars of the Westphalian temple: implications for international order and governance Mark W. Zacher 4. The 'Triumph' of neoclassical economics in the developing world: policy convergence and bases of governance in the international economic order Thomas J. Biersteker 5. Towards a post-hegemonic conceptualization of world order: reflections on the relevancy of Ibn Khaldun Robert W. Cox 6. The effectiveness of international institutions: hard cases and critical variables Oran R. Young 7. Explaining the regulation of transnational practices: a state-building approach Janice E. Thomson 8. 'And Still It Moves' state interests and social forces in the European Community Linda Cornett and James A. Caporaso 9. Governance and democratization Ernst-Otto Czempiel 10. Micro sources of a changing global order James N. Risenau Index.
1,627 citations
TL;DR: Many case studies in adaptive-management planning for riparian ecosystems have failed to produce useful models for policy comparison or good experimental management plans for resolving key uncertainties, and proposals for experimental management regimes have exposed and highlighted some really fundamental conflicts in ecological values.
Abstract: Many case studies in adaptive-management planning for riparian ecosystems have failed to produce useful models for policy comparison or good experimental management plans for resolving key uncertainties. Modeling efforts have been plagued by difficulties in representation of cross-scale effects (from rapid hydrologic change to long-term ecological response), lack of data on key processes that are difficult to study, and confounding of factor effects in validation data. Experimental policies have been seen as too costly or risky, particularly in relation to monitoring costs and risk to sensitive species. Research and management stakeholders have shown deplorable self-interest, seeing adaptive-policy development as a threat to existing research programs and management regimes, rather than as an opportunity for improvement. Proposals for experimental management regimes have exposed and highlighted some really fundamental conflicts in ecological values, particularly in cases in which endangered species have prospered under historical management and would be threatened by ecosystem restoration efforts. There is much potential for adaptive management in the future, if we can find ways around these barriers.
721 citations