Construction and Validation of a Scale to Measure Celebrity Endorsers' Perceived Expertise, Trustworthiness, and Attractiveness
TL;DR: The authors developed a 15-item semantic differential scale to measure perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness of celebrity endorsers, which was validated using respondents' self-reported measures of intention to purchase and perception of quality for the products being tested.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a scale for measuring celebrity endorsers' perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Accepted psychometric scale-development procedures were followed which rigorously tested a large pool of items for their reliability and validity. Using two exploratory and two confirmatory samples, the current research developed a 15-item semantic differential scale to measure perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. The scale was validated using respondents' self-reported measures of intention to purchase and perception of quality for the products being tested. The resulting scale demonstrated high reliability and validity.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated consumers' usage of online recommendation sources and their influence on online product choices and found that consumers who consulted product recommendations selected recommended products twice as often as subjects who did not consult recommendations.
1,543 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore variables which may be considered in any celebrity selection process by drawing together strands from various literature, and explore how to select and retain the "right" celebrity among many competing alternatives, while avoiding potential pitfalls.
Abstract: Use of celebrities as part of marketing communications strategy is a fairly common practice for major firms in supporting corporate or brand imagery. Firms invest significant monies in juxtaposing brands and organisations with endorser qualities such as attractiveness, likeability, and trustworthiness. They trust that these qualities operate in a transferable way, and, will generate desirable campaign outcomes. But, at times, celebrity qualities may be inappropriate, irrelevant, and undesirable. Thus, a major question is: how can companies select and retain the 'right' celebrity among many competing alternatives, and, simultaneously manage this resource, while avoiding potential pitfalls? This paper seeks to explore variables, which may be considered in any celebrity selection process by drawing together strands from various literature.
1,224 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assessed the impact of endorser and corporate credibility on attitude-toward-the-ad, attitudetoward the brand, and purchase intentions.
Abstract: Advertisers frequently use endorsers or spokespersons as credible sources to influence consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions. Corporate credibility-the reputation of a company for honesty and expertise-is another type of source credibility that can influence consumer reactions to ads and shape brand attitudes. The present study assessed the impact of endorser and corporate credibility on attitude-toward-the-ad, attitudetoward-the-brand, and purchase intentions. We surveyed 152 adult consumers who viewed a fictitious ad for Mobil Oil company. They rated the credibility of the ad's endorser, the credibility of the company, and attitude-toward-the-ad, attitude-toward-the-brand, and purchase intentions. Path analysis confirmed that endorser credibility had its strongest impact on Aad while corporate credibility had its strongest impact on AB. The findings suggest that corporate credibility plays an important role in consumers' reactions to advertisements and brands, independent of the equally ...
1,118 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of attractiveness and expertise in the match-up hypothesis was examined in a 2 × 2 experiment, where the athlete was most effective as an endorser for the energy bar in increasing brand attitude but not purchase intent.
Abstract: Two studies are presented that examine the role of attractiveness and expertise in the “match-up hypothesis.” Much “match-up hypothesis” research has focused on physical attractiveness. Study One examined physical attractiveness as a match-up factor and its impact on brand attitude, purchase intent and key brand beliefs. In a 2 × 2 experiment, endorser attractiveness and product type are manipulated. Results indicated a general “attractiveness effect” on brand attitude and purchase intent but not the match-up predicted in previous literature. Study Two considered expertise as the match-up dimension. The second experiment manipulated product and endorser type. A match-up effect was found as the athlete was most effective as an endorser for the energy bar in increasing brand attitude, but not purchase intent. The variable “fit,” or “belongingness,” was shown to play an important role in match-up effects.
1,047 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, preliminary research involves preliminary research to understand the mechanism by which influencer marketing affects the effectiveness of influencer campaigns, and the results show that the effect of influencers' marketing on the performance of online advertising has been studied.
Abstract: In the past few years, expenditure on influencer marketing has grown exponentially. The present study involves preliminary research to understand the mechanism by which influencer marketing affects...
739 citations
Cites background from "Construction and Validation of a Sc..."
...Similarly, Ohanian (1990) defined source credibility as a threedimensional construct, drawing on previous literatures’ threads that included trustworthiness, expertise, and attractiveness....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined, and a drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in additit...
Abstract: The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addit...
56,555 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1957
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with the nature and theory of meaning and present a new, objective method for its measurement which they call the semantic differential, which can be adapted to a wide variety of problems in such areas as clinical psychology, social psychology, linguistics, mass communications, esthetics, and political science.
Abstract: In this pioneering study, the authors deal with the nature and theory of meaning and present a new, objective method for its measurement which they call the semantic differential. This instrument is not a specific test, but rather a general technique of measurement that can be adapted to a wide variety of problems in such areas as clinical psychology, social psychology, linguistics, mass communications, esthetics, and political science. The core of the book is the authors' description, application, and evaluation of this important tool and its far-reaching implications for empirical research.
9,476 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the six stages of the research process provide a solid framework to ensure the development of students' conceptual and practical understanding of marketing research, which may be used for both upper-division undergraduate and graduate level courses.
Abstract: This market leader has established itself as a classic through seven previous editions by presenting superior, balanced coverage of both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of marketing research. The six stages of the research process provide a solid framework to ensure the development of students’ conceptual and practical understanding of marketing research. It may be used for both upper-division undergraduate and graduate level courses.
4,070 citations