Continuity and Change in Gang Membership and Gang Embeddedness
01 May 2013-Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency (Sage Publications, Inc.)-Vol. 50, Iss: 2, pp 239-271
TL;DR: The authors explored the relationship between embeddedness in a gang, a type of deviant network, and desistance from gang membership over a five-year period from 226 adjudicated youth reporting gang membership at the baseline interview.
Abstract: Objectives. Drawing from social network and life-course frameworks, the authors extend Hagan’s concept of criminal embeddedness to embeddedness within gangs. This study explores the relationship between embeddedness in a gang, a type of deviant network, and desistance from gang membership. Method. Data were gathered over a five-year period from 226 adjudicated youth reporting gang membership at the baseline interview. An item response theory model is used to construct gang embeddedness. The authors estimate a logistic hierarchical linear model to identify whether baseline levels of gang embeddedness alter the longitudinal contours of gang membership. Results. Gang embeddedness is associated with slowing the rate of desistance from gang membership over the full five-year study period. Gang members with low levels of embeddedness leave the gang quickly, crossing a 50 percent threshold in six months after the baseline interview, whereas high levels of embeddedness delays similar reductions until about two ye...
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01 Dec 2006
TL;DR: Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis presents the most important developments in quantitative models and methods for analyzing social network data that have appeared during the 1990s.
Abstract: Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis presents the most important developments in quantitative models and methods for analyzing social network data that have appeared during the 1990s. Intended as a complement to Wasserman and Faust’s Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications, it is a collection of original articles by leading methodologists reviewing recent advances in their particular areas of network methods. Reviewed are advances in network measurement, network sampling, the analysis of centrality, positional analysis or blockmodeling, the analysis of diffusion through networks, the analysis of affiliation or “two-mode” networks, the theory of random graphs, dependence graphs, exponential families of random graphs, the analysis of longitudinal network data, graphic techniques for exploring network data, and software for the analysis of social networks.
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TL;DR: There has been a dramatic increase in research on gang, gang members, and gang behavior since the early 1990s, making this review especially timely as discussed by the authors, which provides an opportunity to assess the current state of gang research and suggest directions for its future.
Abstract: This review provides an opportunity to assess the current state of gang research and suggest directions for its future. There has been a dramatic increase in research on gangs, gang members, and gang behavior since the early 1990s, making this review especially timely. We use Short’s three-level framework of explanation to organize the findings of prior research, focusing on individual-, micro-, and macro-level research. Attention is focused on the findings of such research, but we also examine theoretical and methodological developments as well. Drawing from Short and life-course research, we introduce a cross-level temporal framework to guide future directions in gang research.
219 citations
Cites background from "Continuity and Change in Gang Membe..."
...Recent work on gang desistance (Pyrooz & Decker, 2011; Pyrooz, Decker, & Webb, 2010; Pyrooz et al., 2012) demonstrated the role of the symbolic bonds between members (ties) in understanding how the process of departing from the group occurs....
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Abstract: In this paper, the concept of social capital is introduced and illustrated, its forms are described, the social structural conditions under which it arises are examined, and it is used in an analys...
31,693 citations
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03 Mar 1992TL;DR: The Logic of Hierarchical Linear Models (LMLM) as discussed by the authors is a general framework for estimating and hypothesis testing for hierarchical linear models, and it has been used in many applications.
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23,126 citations
TL;DR: This chapter discusses Hierarchical Linear Models in Applications, Applications in Organizational Research, and Applications in the Study of Individual Change Applications in Meta-Analysis and Other Cases Where Level-1 Variances are Known.
19,282 citations