Continuous esterification to produce biodiesel by SPES/PES/NWF composite catalytic membrane in flow-through membrane reactor: Experimental and kinetic studies
TL;DR: The results showed that the CCM structure had a significant effect on the acid conversion, and the conversions obtained from the model are in good agreement with the experimental data.
About: This article is published in Bioresource Technology.The article was published on 2013-02-01. It has received 54 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Membrane reactor & Mass transfer.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of literature reported on the usage of biomass as the precursor for the catalyst used in biodiesel production is presented, which can assist to lower the activation energy required for the reactions and thus enable higher reaction rate to reach equilibrium.
Abstract: Biodiesel is gaining attention as a remedy for the increasing demand of fossil fuels which is depleting rapidly. Commercial homogeneous catalysts in the biodiesel production industry are facing challenges such as separation difficulties and severe corrosion which will lead to the increment of production and maintenance cost. Herein, this paper focuses on the comprehensive review of literature reported on the usage of biomass as the precursor for the catalyst used in biodiesel production. Compared to other commercial catalysts, the usage of biomass as catalyst precursor possesses several advantages such as abundantly available, cheaper raw materials, reusable, non-toxic and biodegradable. Carbon material synthesized from biomass which acts as the efficient support for active sites due to its high porosity and surface area characteristic has been studied widely. The latest development of biomass derived basic, acidic and magnetic heterogeneous catalyst through several state of the art synthesis pathways starting from the synthesis of the supporting material (carbon) until the functionalization process to form the complete catalyst was reviewed. Apart from direct sulfonation using sulfuric acid, sulfonation by reduction and arylation were less hazardous and provided comparable active sites activity. Most biomass based catalysts exhibited good catalytic performance by providing high biodiesel yield of above 80% at optimum conditions. Besides that, various kinetic models developed from the reaction kinetic study catalyzed by biomass based catalyst were also reviewed as a preparatory stage for the scaled-up commercialization process of the studied catalyst in the biodiesel production sector. This catalyst could assist to lower the activation energy required for the reactions and thus enables higher reaction rate to reach equilibrium. Continuous research on producing high performing biomass based catalyst with minimum resources is needed in order to achieve the ultimate goal of green and sustainable biodiesel industry.
183 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the use of modified H-ZSM-5 by desilication was explored, and the increased LA conversion may be due to increase in total acidity from 43.14% to 84.31%.
Abstract: Levulinic acid (LA) is considered as a renewable platform chemical and can be used for the synthesis of variety of important fuels and chemicals. In particular, its esterification with ethanol produces ethyl levulinate (EL) would be green process, as it can be used as diesel miscible biofuel (DMB), preventing global warming by decreasing atmospheric CO 2 . This study explores the use of modified H-ZSM-5 by desilication viz.; DH-ZSM-5 and dodecatungstophosphoric acid (DTPA) loaded on DH-ZSM-5 for esterification of LA with ethanol aiming to EL. Different degree of desilication of H-ZSM-5 was performed by using aq. NaOH (0.2–1.5 M) at 338 K for 30 min and then DTPA was loaded on these desilicated H-ZSM-5 (DH-ZSM-5) support. H-ZSM-5, DH-ZSM-5 and DTPA on these DH-ZSM-5 samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N 2 adsorption–desorption, pyridine chemisorbed IR spectroscopy, Temperature Programmed Ammonia Desorption (TPAD). The increase in conversion of levulinic acid was observed from 28% to 94% with increase of DTPA loading from 0% to 15%. The increased LA conversion may be due to increase in total acidity from 43.14% to 84.31%. The use of DH-ZSM-5 as support for deposition of DTPA may be reported for the first time. The present work also extended to optimize process parameters such as DTPA loading on DH-ZSM-5, catalyst to LA ratio, LA to ethanol molar ratio, speed of agitation, particle size reaction temperature and catalyst reusability. Kinetic study based on pseudo-homogeneous (P-H) model is also presented. The experimental results follow second order kinetics.
177 citations
TL;DR: The use of desilicated H-ZSM-5 as a heterogeneous acid catalyst for EL biodiesel production in a closed system (under autogeneous pressure) was studied in this paper, where the effect of reaction parameters such as ethanol to LA molar ratio (4:1 to 10:1), catalyst to LA ratio (0.10-0.25), speed of agitation (100-400 rpm), particle size (53-355 µm), reaction temperature (363-403 K), and reaction time (7
Abstract: BACKGROUND
In the near future, fossil fuel will have limitations in terms of availability and also great concerns over its environmental impact. New routes and related technologies based on renewable feedstocks can overcome most of these problems associated with fossil fuel. Among current biodiesel sources, ethyl levulinate (EL) biodiesel obtained from catalytic esterification of renewable levulinic acid (LA) with ethanol has received a great deal of attention. The use of desilicated H-ZSM-5 (DH-ZSM-5) as heterogeneous acid catalyst for EL biodiesel production in a closed system (under autogeneous pressure) was studied.
RESULTS
The effect of reaction parameters such as ethanol to LA molar ratio (4:1 to 10:1), catalyst to LA ratio (0.10–0.25), speed of agitation (100–400 rpm), particle size (53–355 µm), reaction temperature (363–403 K) and reaction time (7 h) was investigated to maximize LA conversion.
CONCLUSION
Levulinic acid conversion reached 95% over DH-ZSM-5 and the catalyst was reusable for up to six cycles. This LA conversion and the catalyst reusability values are higher than others reported in the literature. A pseudo-homogeneous (P-H) kinetic model indicated that reaction rate constants increased with increasing molar ratio, catalyst to LA ratio and reaction temperature. The activation energy decreased from 73.14 to 21.08 kJ mol-1 when increasing the catalyst to LA ratio from 0.10 to 0.25, which implies a kinetically controlled reaction. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
94 citations
TL;DR: An integrated process of catalytic composite membranes (CCMs) and sodium methoxide was developed to produce biodiesel from waste chicken fat and the quality of the biodiesel met the international standards.
78 citations
73 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the relation of P to conveniently available properties of dilute solutions is generalized to permit estimation of diffusion coefficients for engineering purposes for convective transport due to volume changes on mixing is negligible and other possible modes of mass transfer are not operative.
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TL;DR: A facile approach for the surface modification of polypropylene non-woven fabric (NWF) by PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) to determine its filterability was described in this paper.
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